Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of postmenopausal women and men by baseline diabetes status
| Women N = 693 | Men N = 1015 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prediabetic | Normoglycemic | Prediabetic | Normoglycemic | |||
| N = 388 | N = 305 | N = 498 | N = 517 | |||
| n (%) or mean (95% CI) | n (%) or mean (95% CI) | P value | n (%) or mean (95% CI) | n (%) or mean (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age | ||||||
| Age, y | 60.2 (58.2-62.3) | 58.2 (56.8-59.6) | 0.099 | 56.3 (55.2-57.4) | 54.0 (53.0-55.1) | 0.004 |
| Age 45-54 | 135 (26.5) | 137 (33.6) | 0.336 | 269 (44.5) | 335 (60.1) | 0.007 |
| Age 55-64 | 204 (40.4) | 137 (42.1) | 172 (35.1) | 144 (26.6) | ||
| Age 65+ | 49 (33.1) | 31 (24.2) | 57 (20.4) | 38 (13.3) | ||
| Hispanic/Latino background a | ||||||
| Dominican | 46 (9.6) | 33 (9.3) | 0.871 | 46 (9.3) | 40 (7.2) | 0.225 |
| Central American | 49 (7.5) | 23 (4.9) | 0.451 | 38 (5.3) | 47 (9.6) | 0.270 |
| Cuban | 43 (25.6) | 54 (31.9) | 0.455 | 117 (32.5) | 89 (24.0) | 0.062 |
| Mexican (ref) | 148 (33.4) | 115 (30.3) | ref | 174 (29.8) | 196 (34.0) | ref |
| Puerto Rican | 76 (17.5) | 49 (14.9) | 0.878 | 81 (13.4) | 82 (17.1) | 0.689 |
| South American | 21 (3.5) | 24 (5.5) | 0.227 | 28 (3.7) | 53 (5.6) | 0.454 |
| More than 1/Other heritage | 5 (2.9) | 7 (3.3) | 0.786 | 14 (5.9) | 10 (2.6) | 0.088 |
| County of birth | ||||||
| Foreign | 297 (78.0) | 243 (82.9) | 0.321 | 402 (82.9) | 394 (75.0) | 0.040 |
| United States (excluding territories) | 91 (22.0) | 62 (17.1) | 96 (17.1) | 123 (25.0) | ||
| Nativity subscore (MESA) | ||||||
| Non-US born and YRSUS < 10 | 74 (19.81) | 62 (25.5) | 0.015 | 102 (24.9) | 99 (18.5) | 0.000 |
| Non-US born and YRSUS 10-19 | 72 (18.47) | 49 (16.4) | 0.140 | 102 (23.4) | 89 (17.1) | 0.001 |
| Non-US born and YRSUS ≥20 | 211 (51.97) | 171 (54.0) | 0.048 | 253 (44.8) | 248 (47.1) | 0.006 |
| US born (ref) | 31 (9.75) | 23 (4.1) | ref | 41 (7.0) | 81 (17.3) | ref |
| Language preference | ||||||
| Spanish | 340 (91.3) | 270 (87.3) | 0.311 | 437 (87.8) | 414 (78.3) | 0.009 |
| English | 48 (8.7) | 35 (12.7) | 61 (12.2) | 103 (21.8) | ||
| Educational attainment | ||||||
| Less than high school | 193 (41.9) | 124 (38.0) | 0.208 | 196 (39.0) | 169 (29.9) | 0.144 |
| High school diploma/GED | 64 (12.6) | 67 (21.4) | 123 (21.5) | 127 (22.0) | ||
| Greater than high school diploma or GED | 131 (45.6) | 114 (40.6) | 179 (39.5) | 221 (48.1) | ||
| Body mass index | ||||||
| Under/normal weight (BMI < 25) | 46 (13.3) | 72 (26.5) | 0.002 | 76 (20.2) | 137 (30.5) | 0.001 |
| Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) | 133 (34.7) | 129 (46.9) | 219 (45.5) | 261 (49.0) | ||
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 209 (51.9) | 104 (26.6) | 203 (34.3) | 119 (20.5) | ||
| Physical activity level | ||||||
| High | 14 (2.8) | 21 (5.4) | 0.312 | 87 (15.8) | 91 (14.4) | 0.583 |
| Moderate | 159 (40.4) | 135 (46.8) | 231 (43.5) | 241 (47.8) | ||
| Low | 215 (56.8) | 149 (47.8) | 180 (40.7) | 185 (37.8) | ||
| History of gestational diabetes | ||||||
| No | 381 (99.6) | 303 (99.7) | 0.528 | na | na | |
| Yes | 7 (0.5) | 2 (0.3) | na | na | ||
| Hypertension (BP ≥ 140/90 or medication use) | ||||||
| No | 237 (57.9) | 212 (60.0) | 0.748 | 288 (59.8) | 385 (70.6) | 0.012 |
| Yes | 151 (42.1) | 93 (40.0) | 210 (40.2) | 132 (29.4) | ||
| Cigarette use | ||||||
| Never (ref) | 252 (68.0) | 195 (69.1) | ref | 195 (35.4) | 217 (44.3) | ref |
| Former | 78 (17.1) | 61 (16.5) | 0.867 | 167 (37.4) | 179 (31.3) | 0.069 |
| Current | 58 (14.9) | 49 (14.3) | 0.862 | 136 (27.2) | 121 (24.4) | 0.142 |
| Alcohol use b | ||||||
| None | 231 (65.5) | 200 (66.2) | 0.992 | 195 (44.4) | 206 (44.4) | 0.655 |
| Low | 151 (32.9) | 98 (32.4) | 265 (49.4) | 266 (47.8) | ||
| High | 6 (1.5) | 7 (1.4) | 38 (6.2) | 45 (7.8) | ||
| Family history of diabetes | ||||||
| No | 187 (52.2) | 180 (61.4) | 0.239 | 269 (58.4) | 326 (62.5) | 0.382 |
| Yes | 201 (47.8) | 125 (38.6) | 229 (41.6) | 191 (37.6) | ||
| Statin medication use | ||||||
| No | 326 (86.6) | 268 (88.6) | 0.621 | 458 (90.8) | 480 (91.7) | 0.748 |
| Yes | 62 (13.5) | 37 (11.4) | 40 (9.2) | 37 (8.3) | ||
| Recruitment center | ||||||
| Bronx | 105 (29.5) | 71 (28.6) | 0.808 | 114 (27.2) | 100 (25.4) | 0.357 |
| Chicago (ref) | 95 (11.2) | 60 (11.9) | ref | 117 (12.5) | 151 (14.9) | ref |
| Miami | 80 (34.7) | 86 (41.0) | 0.787 | 159 (39.6) | 140 (33.3) | 0.109 |
| San Diego | 108 (24.7) | 88 (18.5) | 0.317 | 108 (20.7) | 126 (26.4) | 0.757 |
| Acculturation score—MESA c | 1.80 (1.57, 2.02) | 1.73 (1.46, 1.99) | 0.649 | 1.61 (1.44, 1.78) | 2.15 (1.95, 2.34) | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; YRSUS, Years living in mainland United States.
P value of overall test for Hispanic/Latino background: women (P = 0.684) and men (P = 0.083).
No alcohol use defined as never or former users, low use defined as <7 drinks/wk for women and <14 drinks/wk for men, high-level use defined as at least 7 drinks/wk for women and at least 14 drinks/wk for men.
MESA acculturation score is a summary score based on nativity, language spoken at home, and years of residence in the United States, and ranges from 0 to 5 in 0.5 increments. 0 indicates lowest level of acculturation, 5 the highest.