Table 2.
Association of hormones with diabetes progression at visit 2 among men
| Normoglycemic at baseline→ prediabetes or diabetes at follow-up N = 284/517 | Normoglycemic at baseline→ prediabetes at follow-up N = 274/507 | Prediabetic at baseline→ diabetes at follow-up N = 236/498 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR (95% CI) | P value | IRR (95% CI) | P value | IRR (95% CI) | P value | |
| LH (mIU/mL) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | 0.667 | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | 0.651 | 0.93 (0.80, 1.09) | 0.368 |
| High LH | 1.07 (0.79, 1.44) | 0.670 | 1.05 (0.77, 1.44) | 0.739 | 0.86 (0.57, 1.27) | 0.442 |
| FSH (mIU/mL) | 1.07 (1.00, 1.15) | 0.036 | 1.08 (1.01, 1.15) | 0.032 | 1.03 (0.91, 1.16) | 0.668 |
| High FSH | 1.25 (0.86, 1.81) | 0.242 | 1.26 (0.87, 1.84) | 0.222 | 1.16 (0.75, 1.79) | 0.507 |
| LH/FSH ratio | 0.82 (0.67, 0.99) | 0.037 | 0.81 (0.66, 0.98) | 0.033 | 0.91 (0.69, 1.21) | 0.530 |
| SHBG (nmol/L) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.16) | 0.284 | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 0.329 | 0.85 (0.63, 1.15) | 0.299 |
| E2 (pmol/L) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) | 0.735 | 1.02 (0.91, 1.13) | 0.767 | 0.94 (0.81, 1.08) | 0.395 |
| High E2 | 0.86 (0.56, 1.32) | 0.478 | 0.84 (0.53, 1.31) | 0.440 | 0.92 (0.43, 1.95) | 0.826 |
| Bio E2 (pmol/L) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.10) | 0.747 | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.760 | 0.97 (0.85, 1.11) | 0.678 |
| T (ng/dL) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.08) | 0.587 | 0.97 (0.87, 1.08) | 0.553 | 0.82 (0.68, 0.997) | 0.046 |
| Low T | 1.52 (1.04, 2.23) | 0.031 | 1.54 (1.04, 2.27) | 0.031 | 1.75 (1.18, 2.59) | 0.005 |
| Bio T (ng/dL) | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 0.152 | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 0.168 | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | 0.182 |
| E2/T ratio | 1.01 (0.73, 1.39) | 0.955 | 1.01 (0.73, 1.40) | 0.959 | 2.36 (1.02, 5.45) | 0.044 |
| Bio E2/Bio T ratio | 1.00 (0.85, 1.17) | 0.953 | 0.99 (0.84, 1.17) | 0.941 | 1.46 (0.84, 2.52) | 0.178 |
| LH/T ratio | 0.50 (0.16, 1.59) | 0.240 | 0.50 (0.16, 1.59) | 0.237 | a | |
| DHEAS (µmol/L) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.16) | 0.965 | 1.01 (0.87, 1.17) | 0.891 | 1.04 (0.90, 1.19) | 0.624 |
Model adjusted for age, BMI, waist/hip ratio, Hispanic background, acculturation score-MESA, recruitment site, education, statin medication use, family history of diabetes, cigarette use, alcohol use, physical activity, hypertension, high triglycerides, low HDL, and CRP. Individual continuous hormone concentrations are standardized using the following SDs: LH, 4.00 mIU/mL; FSH, 6.96 mIU/mL; SHBG, 28.65 nmol/L; E2, 40.40 pmol/L; Bio E2, 26.90 pmol/L; T, 169.95 ng/dL; Bio T, 49.11 ng/dL; DHEAS, 2.51 µmol/L. Dichotomized and ratio hormone measures are not standardized.
Abbreviations: Bio E2, bioavailable estradiol; Bio T, bioavailable testosterone; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; DHEAS, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; E2, estradiol; FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IRR, incident rate radio; LH, luteinizing hormone; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; T, testosterone.
Estimate unstable.