Table 3.
Association of hormones with prospective change in continuous insulin and HOMA outcomes
| Fasting insulin change scorea | HOMA-B change scoreb | HOMA-IR change scorec | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI)a | P value | β (95% CI)b | P value | β (95% CI)c | P value | |
|
Women
LH |
−0.30 (−1.18, 0.58) |
0.502 |
4.51 (−3.35, 12.37) |
0.259 |
−0.13 (−0.41, 0.15) |
0.371 |
| FSH | −0.86 (−1.73, 0.02) | 0.054 | 0.17 (−8.90, 9.25) | 0.970 | −0.30 (−0.56, −0.03) | 0.027 |
| LH/FSH ratio | −0.47 (−3.65, 2.71) | 0.771 | 13.83 (−17.01, 44.66) | 0.378 | −0.20 (−1.14, 0.75) | 0.684 |
| SHBG | −1.18 (−2.48, 0.13) | 0.077 | −7.48 (−16.75, 1.79) | 0.113 | −0.36 (−0.78, 0.06) | 0.095 |
| Low E2 | 0.89 (−1.81, 3.59) | 0.518 | 5.02 (−13.06, 23.11) | 0.585 | 0.27 (−0.59, 1.13) | 0.540 |
| DHEAS | 0.01 (−0.85, 0.87) | 0.988 | 1.76 (−8.91, 12.42) | 0.746 | 0.01 (−0.24, 0.25) | 0.957 |
| Men | ||||||
| LH | 0.37 (−0.54, 1.27) | 0.426 | −3.23 (−8.26, 1.79) | 0.206 | 0.17 (−0.17, 0.51) | 0.323 |
| High LH | 0.27 (−1.66, 2.20) | 0.783 | −12.94 (−26.34, 0.46) | 0.058 | 0.25 (−0.44, 0.94) | 0.476 |
| FSH | 0.50 (−0.46, 1.46) | 0.306 | −3.69 (−9.11, 1.74) | 0.182 | 0.23 (−0.12, 0.57) | 0.193 |
| High FSH | 2.54 (−0.93, 6.01) | 0.151 | −7.33 (−26.20, 11.55) | 0.446 | 1.05 (−0.22, 2.31) | 0.104 |
| LH/FSH ratio | −0.11 (−1.23, 1.01) | 0.847 | 1.93 (−6.94, 10.79) | 0.669 | −0.05 (−0.43, 0.33) | 0.796 |
| SHBG | 1.24 (−0.18, 2.66) | 0.086 | 1.85 (−4.59, 8.29) | 0.573 | 0.45 (−0.10, 1.00) | 0.112 |
| E2 | 1.17 (0.31, 2.02) | 0.008d | 3.08 (−2.42, 8.58) | 0.271 | 0.39 (0.06, 0.72) | 0.020d |
| High E2 | 3.10 (−2.11, 8.31) | 0.242 | 9.83 (−7.78, 27.44) | 0.273 | 1.18 (−0.91, 3.26) | 0.267 |
| Bio E2 | 0.75 (0.16, 1.33) | 0.012 | 1.99 (−3.93, 7.92) | 0.509 | 0.23 (0.03, 0.44) | 0.027 |
| T | 0.78 (−0.08, 1.63) | 0.075 | 7.01 (0.85, 13.16) | 0.026d | 0.24 (−0.07, 0.54) | 0.125 |
| Low T | −0.68 (−4.00, 2.64) | 0.689 | −26.93 (−64.21, 10.36) | 0.156 | −0.21 (−1.36, 0.93) | 0.715 |
| Bio T | 0.04 (−0.64, 0.72) | 0.914 | 4.87 (−1.19, 10.92) | 0.115 | −0.03 (−0.26, 0.20) | 0.827 |
| E2/T ratio | 0.84 (−1.36, 3.05) | 0.452 | −39.74 (−75.83, −3.65) | 0.031 | 0.38 (−0.32, 1.08) | 0.284 |
| Bio E2/Bio T ratio | 0.49 (−0.64, 1.61) | 0.399 | −19.09 (−34.11, −4.06) | 0.013 | 0.22 (−0.14, 0.58) | 0.239 |
| LH/T | −1.35 (−3.55, 0.84) | 0.227 | e | −0.03 (−0.78, 0.71) | 0.929 | |
| DHEAS | −0.43 (−1.18, 0.31) | 0.254 | −3.83 (−9.93, 2.28) | 0.218 | −0.13 (−0.37, 0.12) | 0.318 |
Model adjusted for baseline diabetes status, time between visits, diabetes medication at follow-up, age, BMI, waist-hip ratio, acculturation score, recruitment site, Hispanic background, education, statin use, family history of diabetes, gestational diabetes (women only), cigarette use, alcohol use, physical activity, BMI change (visit 1-visit 2), waist/hip ratio change (visit 1-visit 2), hypertension, high triglycerides, low HDL, CRP. Individual continuous hormone concentrations are standardized using the following standard deviations for men: LH, 4.00 mIU/mL; FSH, 6.96 mIU/mL; SHBG, 28.65 nmol/L; E2, 40.40 pmol/L; Bio E2, 26.90 pmol/L; T, 169.95 ng/dL; Bio T, 49.11 ng/dL; DHEAS, 2.51 µmol/L. Individual continuous hormone concentrations are standardized using the following standard deviations for women: LH, 11.73 mIU/mL; FSH, 24.85 mIU/mL; SHBG 29.24 nmol/L; DHEAS, 1.35 µmol/L. Dichotomized and ratio hormone measures are not standardized.
Abbreviations: Bio E2, bioavailable estradiol; Bio T, bioavailable testosterone; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; DHEAS, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; E2, estradiol; FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-B, homeostatic model assessment index of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment index of insulin resistance; LH, luteinizing hormone; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; T, testosterone.
Adjusted for baseline fasting insulin.
Adjusted for baseline HOMA-B.
Adjusted for baseline HOMA-IR.
Significant (P < 0.05) after adjustment for SHBG.
Estimate unstable.