Table 6.

Summary of cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of hormones with continuous diabetes outcomes among women

	HbA1c		Fasting glucose		Postload glucose		Fasting insulin		Postload insulin		HOMA-B		HOMA-IR
	Baseline	Longitudinal	Baseline	Longitudinal	Baseline	Longitudinal	Baseline	Longitudinal	Baseline	Longitudinala	Baseline	Longitudinal	Baseline	Longitudinal
LH	—	—	—	↓	—	—	—	—	—	ND	—	—	—	—
FSH	—	—	—	↓	—	—	—	—	—	ND	—	—	—	↓
LH/FSH Ratio	↓	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	ND	—	—	—	—
SHBG	↓	↓	↓	—	↓	↓	↓	—	↓	ND	↓	—	↓	—
Low SHBGb	—	ND	—	ND	↑	ND	—	ND	—	ND	—	ND	—	ND
Low E2	—	↓	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	ND	—	—	—	—
DHEAS	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	ND	—	—	—	—

Abbreviations: DHEAS, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; E2, estradiol; FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-B, homeostatic model assessment index of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment index of insulin resistance; LH, luteinizing hormone; ND, not done; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin.

— Nonsignificant findings.

↑ Significant positive association after adjustment.

↓ Significant inverse association after adjustment.

^a Post-Load Insulin was not measured at follow-up visit.

^b Low SHBG was not modeled in the longitudinal sample because of a low sample size.