Table 2.
Odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for breakfast eating, fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity by socio-economic measures, adjusted for age and gender: 12–18-year-old Ghanaian adolescents, 2008
| Breakfast eating | Fruit intake | Vegetable intake | Physical activity | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-economic indicator | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI |
| Age | ||||||||
| 12–15-year-olds | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| 16–18 year-olds | 0·9 | 0·7, 1·1 | 0·8 | 0·6, 0·9 | 0·6 | 0·4, 0·7 | 1·1 | 0·8, 1·4 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Boys | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| Girls | 1·2 | 1·0, 1·6 | 0·8 | 0·6, 1·0 | 0·9 | 0·7, 1·1 | 0·6 | 0·5, 0·8 |
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| Urban | 0·7 | 0·5, 0·9 | 0·8 | 0·6, 1·0 | 1·0 | 0·8, 1·3 | 1·0 | 0·8, 1·3 |
| School type | ||||||||
| Private | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| Public | 0·8 | 0·6, 1·1 | 0·9 | 0·7, 1·1 | 0·8 | 0·6, 1·0 | 0·7 | 0·5, 0·9 |
| Region | ||||||||
| Volta | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| Eastern | 1·2 | 0·8, 1·6 | 1·1 | 0·8, 1·4 | 1·7 | 1·3, 2·3 | 0·9 | 0·7, 1·2 |
| Greater Accra | 0·8 | 0·6, 1·0 | 0·8 | 0·6, 1·1 | 1·4 | 1·1, 1·8 | 1·0 | 0·7, 1·3 |
| Family structure | ||||||||
| Both parents dead | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| One parent alive | 1·7 | 0·8, 3·4 | 1·0 | 0·5, 2·0 | 1·0 | 0·5, 2·0 | 1·6 | 0·8, 3·2 |
| Both parents alive but not living together | 1·8 | 0·9, 3·5 | 1·0 | 0·5, 1·9 | 1·2 | 0·6, 2·4 | 1·8 | 0·9, 3·6 |
| Nuclear family | 2·2 | 1·2, 4·3 | 1·1 | 0·6, 2·0 | 1·4 | 0·7, 2·6 | 1·9 | 1·0, 3·7 |
| Material affluence scale | ||||||||
| Poorest | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| Poor | 1·2 | 0·8, 1·8 | 1·4 | 0·9, 2·0 | 1·1 | 0·7, 1·6 | 0·9 | 0·6, 1·4 |
| Average | 1·8 | 1·3, 2·7 | 1·4 | 1·0, 2·1 | 1·3 | 0·9, 1·9 | 1·2 | 0·8, 1·9 |
| Affluent | 2·8 | 1·9, 4·3 | 1·4 | 1·0, 2·1 | 1·4 | 0·9, 2·1 | 2·0 | 1·3, 3·1 |
| Most affluent | 3·0 | 2·0, 4·5 | 1·0 | 0·7, 1·5 | 0·8 | 0·6, 1·2 | 2·0 | 1·3, 3·0 |
| Father's education | ||||||||
| Illiterate | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| Primary education | 1·2 | 0·8, 2·0 | 1·8 | 1·2, 3·1 | 1·2 | 0·8, 2·0 | 1·2 | 0·7, 1·8 |
| Secondary education | 1·7 | 1·1, 2·7 | 1·5 | 0·9, 2·4 | 1·0 | 0·6, 1·5 | 2·6 | 1·6, 4·3 |
| Tertiary education | 3·4 | 2·1, 5·8 | 1·9 | 1·2, 3·2 | 1·8 | 1·1, 2·9 | 1·8 | 1·1, 3·0 |
| Mother's education | ||||||||
| Illiterate | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| Primary education | 1·3 | 0·9, 1·8 | 1·3 | 1·0, 1·9 | 1·1 | 0·8, 1·5 | 0·9 | 0·6, 1·4 |
| Secondary education | 2·5 | 1·7, 3·7 | 1·2 | 0·9, 1·8 | 1·3 | 0·9, 1·9 | 1·3 | 0·8, 1·9 |
| Tertiary education | 3·6 | 2·0, 6·5 | 2·0 | 1·2, 3·3 | 1·1 | 0·7, 1·9 | 1·0 | 0·6, 1·8 |
| Father's occupation | ||||||||
| Unemployed | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| Low grade | 1·1 | 0·6, 2·0 | 1·8 | 0·9, 3·6 | 0·9 | 0·5, 1·8 | 1·0 | 0·5, 2·0 |
| High grade | 1·8 | 0·9, 3·5 | 1·8 | 0·9, 3·7 | 0·9 | 0·8, 0·9 | 1·8 | 0·9, 3·6 |
| Mother's occupation | ||||||||
| Unemployed | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| Low grade | 0·8 | 0·4, 1·6 | 2·3 | 1·1, 4·6 | 1·8 | 0·9, 3·4 | 0·8 | 0·4, 1·6 |
| High grade | 1·2 | 0·6, 2·7 | 1·9 | 0·9, 4·2 | 1·3 | 0·6, 2·7 | 1·2 | 0·5, 2·7 |
| School performance | ||||||||
| Low | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| Medium | 1·2 | 0·8, 1·7 | 1·6 | 1·1, 2·4 | 1·6 | 1·2, 2·4 | 1·0 | 0·7, 1·5 |
| High | 1·3 | 0·9, 2·0 | 2·9 | 1·9, 4·4 | 2·3 | 1·5, 3·4 | 1·4 | 0·9, 2·1 |
| Plans after graduation | ||||||||
| Not continue school | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| Continue school | 1·6 | 1·1, 2·3 | 0·8 | 0·5, 1·1 | 1·2 | 0·8, 1·7 | 1·2 | 0·8, 1·8 |