Table 2.
Anthropometric/other cardiometabolic risk factors by breakfast skipping or breakfast consumption from a reported 24 h dietary recall in young adults (20–39 years of age): NHANES 1999–2006
| Breakfast consumption group | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BS | RTEC | OB | ||||||
| Risk factor (dependent variable) | n | Least-square mean* | se | Least-square mean* | se | Least-square mean* | se | P value† |
| Weight (kg)‡ | 4752§ | 81·6a | 0·7 | 77·3b | 0·7 | 80·1a | 0·5 | 0·0002 |
| BMI (kg/m2)‡ | 4746§ | 28·0a | 0·2 | 26·6b | 0·3 | 27·4a | 0·2 | 0·0002 |
| WC (cm)‡ | 4690§ | 94·1a | 0·5 | 90·7b | 0·6 | 92·7c | 0·4 | 0·0001 |
| Triceps skinfold (mm)‡ | 4309§ | 18·5a | 0·3 | 17·4b | 0·3 | 18·3a | 0·2 | 0·029 |
| Subscapular skinfold (mm)‡ | 3832§ | 19·1a | 0·3 | 17·5b | 0·3 | 18·7a | 0·2 | 0·002 |
| SBP (mmHg)‡ | 4623§ | 115·4a | 0·4 | 113·9b | 0·4 | 115·0a,b | 0·3 | 0·038 |
| DBP (mmHg)‡ | 4623§ | 70·6 | 0·4 | 69·3 | 0·5 | 69·9 | 0·3 | 0·11 |
| Serum TAG (mg/dl)‡ | 2058§,∥ | 132·3 | 5·5 | 128·2 | 6·7 | 124·6 | 3·7 | 0·45 |
| Serum total cholesterol (mg/dl)‡ | 4537§ | 192·7a | 1·6 | 187·0b | 1·8 | 188·8a,b | 0·9 | 0·017 |
| Serum LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)‡ | 2019§,∥ | 117·7a | 1·9 | 111·0b | 2·6 | 110·7b | 1·0 | 0·002 |
| Serum HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)‡ | 4537§ | 50·0a | 0·4 | 50·8a,b | 0·4 | 51·1b | 0·3 | 0·003 |
| Plasma glucose (mg/dl)‡ | 2078§,∥ | 95·6 | 0·9 | 93·7 | 0·8 | 94·8 | 0·6 | 0·14 |
| Serum insulin (μU/ml)‡ | 2053§,∥ | 12·1a | 0·7 | 10·3b | 0·4 | 11·0a,b | 0·4 | 0·032 |
| HOMA-IR‡ | 2053§,∥ | 3·0a | 0·2 | 2·5b | 0·1 | 2·6a,b | 0·10 | 0·026 |
| QUICKI‡ | 2053§,∥ | 0·1490a | 0·0009 | 0·1529b | 0·0011 | 0·1517b | 0·0005 | 0·004 |
| Glycosylated Hb (%)‡ | 4573§ | 5·3a | 0·04 | 5·1b | 0·02 | 5·2a | 0·02 | 0·002 |
| Plasma homocysteine (μmol/l)‡ | 4573§ | 8·0a | 0·1 | 7·3b | 0·1 | 7·8a | 0·1 | 0·003 |
| Serum hs-CRP (mg/dl)‡ | 4554§ | 0·4 | 0·02 | 0·4 | 0·03 | 0·3 | 0·01 | 0·09 |
NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; BS, breakfast skippers; RTEC, ready-to-eat cereal; OB, other breakfast; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
a,b,cMean values within a row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0·0167 using Bonferroni's correction).
*All values are sample-weighted.
†Indicates composite P value from Wald's F test.
‡Covariates: energy intake, age, gender, ethnicity, ethnicity × gender, poverty income ratio, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity and marital status.
§Sample size varied from the original during analysis due to missing data.
∥Only data for those who were fasting for at least 8·5 h before the blood draw were used.