Skip to main content
. 2012 Oct 3;16(11):2073–2082. doi: 10.1017/S1368980012004296

Table 3.

Association between breakfast skipping or breakfast consumption from a reported 24 h dietary recall and anthropometric/other cardiometabolic risk factors and the MetS in young adults (20–39 years of age): NHANES 1999–2006

Breakfast consumption group
Risk factor (dependent variable: BS RTEC OB Total RTEC v. BS (ref.) BS v. OB (ref.) RTEC v. OB (ref.)
present v. absent (ref.))* %† se %† se %† se %† se P value‡ OR*,§ 95 % CI OR*,§ 95 % CI OR*,§ 95 % CI
Overweight/obesity§,∥ 59·2a 1·5 52·1b 2·0 58·4a 1·3 57·5 0·9 0·008 0·69 0·55, 0·87†† 1·13 0·95, 1·34 0·78 0·64, 0·95††
Abdominal obesity§,∥ 36·8a 1·3 30·2b 1·7 37·9a 1·3 36·3 1·0 <0·0001 0·61 0·50, 0·75†† 1·12 0·95, 1·32 0·69 0·57, 0·83††
Elevated blood pressure§,∥ 20·3a 1·5 13·7b 1·5 17·8a 0·8 17·7 0·7 0·017 0·63 0·46, 0·87†† 1·21 0·98, 1·48 0·76 0·58, 0·99††
Elevated serum TAG§,∥,¶ 26·1 2·0 25·8 2·6 23·5 1·5 24·5 1·1 0·24 0·87 0·61, 1·22 1·29 0·95, 1·14 1·11 0·85, 1·45
Elevated serum total cholesterol§,∥ 35·1a 1·5 29·3b 2·0 34·0b 1·0 33·5 0·7 0·013 0·72 0·56, 0·93†† 1·24 1·06, 1·45†† 0·89 0·72, 1·10
Elevated serum LDL-cholesterol§,∥,¶ 32·2a 2·4 20·8b 2·8 27·4b 1·4 27·5 1·2 0·039 0·77 0·61, 0·97†† 1·26 1·04, 1·53†† 0·98 0·80, 1·19
Reduced serum HDL-cholesterol§,∥ 37·7a 1·9 33·1b 1·9 32·7b 1·1 33·9 0·9 0·008 0·60 0·40, 0·89†† 1·44 1·11, 1·88†† 0·86 0·58, 1·26
Elevated plasma glucose§,∥,¶ 21·7 2·4 17·0 2·6 21·1 1·3 20·6 1·0 0·25 0·76 0·47, 1·23 1·29 0·95, 1·73 0·98 0·64, 1·48
Elevated serum insulin§,∥,¶ 12·3a 1·9 9·6b 1·7 11·0a,b 0·8 11·1 0·9 0·14 0·58 0·34, 0·96†† 1·27 0·86, 1·87 0·74 0·49, 1·12
Elevated glycosylated Hb§,∥ 2·6a 0·7 0·2b 0·1 1·1c 0·2 1·3 0·2 0·002 0·06 0·01, 0·31†† 2·53 1·07, 5·96†† 0·16 0·03, 0·76††
Elevated plasma homocysteine§,∥ 2·8 0·6 1·5 0·5 3·0 0·4 2·7 0·3 0·16 0·40 0·15, 1·03 1·36 0·80, 2·34 0·54 0·23, 1·25
Elevated serum hs-CRP§,∥ 1·1 0·3 1·1 0·4 1·2 0·2 1·2 0·2 0·99 1·05 0·42, 2·65 0·95 0·44, 2·05 0·10 0·44, 2·25
MetS§,∥A–E,¶,** 20·7 2·3 17·6 2·5 18·4 1·5 18·8 1·0 0·16 0·66 0·42, 1·05 1·38 0·94, 2·03 0·91 0·61, 1·36

MetS, metabolic syndrome; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; ref., reference group; BS, breakfast skippers; RTEC, ready-to-eat cereal; OB, other breakfast; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.

a,b,cValues within a row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0·0167 using Bonferroni's correction).

*From covariate-adjusted logistic regression models.

†All values are sample-weighted.

‡Indicates overall P value from the χ 2 test.

§Covariates: energy intake, age, gender, ethnicity, ethnicity × gender, poverty income ratio, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity and marital status.

∥Definitions: overweight/obesity, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2; abdominal obesityA, WC ≥ 102 cm (males) or WC ≥ 88 cm (females); elevated blood pressureB, SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg or DBP ≥ 85 mm Hg or medication use; elevated serum TAGC, ≥150 mg/dl or medication use; elevated serum total cholesterol, >200 mg/dl; elevated serum LDL-cholesterol, ≥130 mg/dl; reduced serum HDL-cholesterolD, <40 mg/dl (males) or <50 mg/dl (females); elevated plasma glucoseE, ≥100 mg/dl or medication use; elevated serum insulin, >20 μU/ml; elevated glycosylated Hb, >5·9 %; elevated plasma homocysteine, ≥16 μmol/l; elevated serum hs-CRP, >0·3 mg/dl; MetS, three or more of five risk factorsA–E.

¶Only data for those who were fasting for at least 8·5 h before the blood draw were used.

**Only those who had data available on all five MetS risk factors were included.

††Indicates statistical significance (unity not in the 95 % CI of an OR).