Table 4.
Intakes† of fruits, vegetables, fish and whole grains from each meal type according to educational level and age, Norkost 3 study, 2010–2011 (n 1753)
| Educational level | Age | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High school, technical school, trade school or lower | University or college | 18–34 years | 35–54 years | 55–70 years | |||||||||
| (n 829) | (n 924) | (n 400) | (n 804) | (n 549) | |||||||||
| Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | P ‡ | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | P § | Mean | 95 % CI | P § | |
| Fruits (g/meal) | |||||||||||||
| Breakfast | 32 | 29, 35 | 46 | 42, 50 | <0·001 | 41 | 36, 46 | 36 | 33, 40 | 0·15 | 43 | 38, 48 | 0·67 |
| Lunch | 24 | 21, 27 | 31 | 27, 34 | 0·003 | 23 | 19, 28 | 28 | 25, 31 | 0·07 | 29 | 24, 33 | 0·09 |
| Dinner | 13 | 11, 16 | 13 | 11, 15 | 0·81 | 11 | 8, 14 | 12 | 9, 14 | 0·65 | 17 | 13, 20 | 0·009 |
| Supper/evening meal | 22 | 18, 25 | 20 | 17, 23 | 0·49 | 18 | 13, 22 | 18 | 15, 21 | 0·78 | 26 | 22, 31 | 0·007 |
| Snack|| | 95 | 87, 102 | 116 | 109, 124 | <0·001 | 87 | 76, 97 | 104 | 96, 112 | 0·009 | 123 | 113, 134 | <0·001 |
| Vegetables (g/meal) | |||||||||||||
| Breakfast | 9 | 7, 10 | 9 | 7, 10 | 0·90 | 10 | 8, 12 | 8 | 7, 9 | 0·13 | 9 | 7, 11 | 0·52 |
| Lunch | 17 | 15, 19 | 32 | 29, 35 | <0·001 | 26 | 21, 30 | 29 | 26, 32 | 0·27 | 19 | 16, 22 | 0·018 |
| Dinner|| | 105 | 100, 111 | 110 | 105, 115 | 0·16 | 105 | 98, 112 | 105 | 100, 111 | 0·95 | 114 | 108, 121 | 0·07 |
| Supper/evening meal | 10 | 9, 12 | 6 | 5, 8 | 0·001 | 11 | 8, 13 | 8 | 6, 10 | 0·11 | 7 | 5, 8 | 0·012 |
| Snack | 7 | 6, 9 | 9 | 7, 11 | 0·17 | 11 | 8, 14 | 7 | 5, 9 | 0·045 | 7 | 5, 9 | 0·06 |
| Fish (g/meal) | |||||||||||||
| Breakfast | 3 | 3, 4 | 4 | 3, 5 | 0·50 | 3 | 2, 5 | 3 | 2, 4 | 0·70 | 4 | 3, 5 | 0·31 |
| Lunch | 4 | 3, 5 | 7 | 5, 8 | 0·004 | 5 | 3, 7 | 6 | 5, 7 | 0·46 | 5 | 4, 7 | 0·81 |
| Dinner|| | 31 | 28, 35 | 31 | 27, 34 | 0·90 | 16 | 13, 20 | 29 | 25, 32 | <0·001 | 46 | 40, 51 | <0·001 |
| Supper/evening meal | 2 | 2, 3 | 2 | 1, 3 | 0·72 | 4 | 2, 6 | 2 | 1, 3 | 0·12 | 2 | 1, 3 | 0·17 |
| Snack | 1 | 1, 2 | 1 | 0, 1 | 0·06 | 1 | 0, 1 | 1 | 1, 1 | 0·19 | 1 | 0, 2 | 0·33 |
| Whole grains (g/meal) | |||||||||||||
| Breakfast|| | 27 | 26, 29 | 29 | 27, 30 | 0·23 | 29 | 26, 32 | 28 | 26, 29 | 0·46 | 28 | 26, 30 | 0·73 |
| Lunch | 16 | 15, 18 | 17 | 16, 18 | 0·44 | 15 | 14, 17 | 18 | 17, 20 | 0·006 | 15 | 14, 17 | 0·90 |
| Dinner | 4 | 3, 4 | 5 | 4, 5 | 0·12 | 5 | 4, 7 | 5 | 4, 5 | 0·32 | 3 | 2, 4 | 0·002 |
| Supper/evening meal | 11 | 10, 12 | 9 | 8, 10 | 0·014 | 10 | 8, 12 | 10 | 9, 11 | 0·60 | 10 | 9, 11 | 0·72 |
| Snack | 5 | 5, 6 | 5 | 4, 5 | 0·16 | 6 | 4, 7 | 5 | 4, 6 | 0·80 | 4 | 3, 5 | 0·09 |
Significance level set to P<0·002 due to multiple testing.
Data from two 24 recalls; adjusted means and bootstrap 95 % CI adjusted for gender, age, BMI, region of residency, educational level, smoker/non-smoker and interest in a healthy diet.
Linear regression with bootstrap, comparison of meal-to-meal intake of each food group for participants according to educational level.
Linear regression with bootstrap, comparison of meal-to-meal intake of each food group for participants according to age group, the age group 18–34 years is used as reference category.
Main contributing meal; intake of the food group in question from this meal is significantly higher than from each of the other meals (all P<0·001), linear regression with bootstrap.