Table 2.
Dietary habits and alcohol consumption by gender and ethnicity (n 2995), 2008/09 Adult National Nutrition Survey, New Zealand
| SA (n 130) | ESEA (n 137) | NZEO (n 2728) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary habit | Sex | % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI | P value* |
| Fruit and vegetable servings per day | ||||||||
| 5+ a day | M | 31·6 | 18·5, 48·3 | 8·7§,|| | 3·1, 22·0 | 39·7 | 35·9, 43·6 | <0·001 |
| F | 15·4 | 7·9, 27·8 | 34·6 | 21·6, 50·4 | 55·3 | 51·8, 58·7 | <0·001 | |
| Slices of bread consumed | ||||||||
| Never or less than 1 slice/d | M | 22·7§ | 9·6, 35·7 | 37·0§ | 19·4, 54·5 | 8·2 | 5·9, 10·5 | <0·001 |
| F | 8·1§,|| | 13·2, 15·0 | 29·8 | 16·6, 43·1 | 17·0 | 14·3, 19·7 | 0·051 | |
| 1–4 slices/d | M | 61·2 | 46·5, 74·1 | 54·4 | 37·8, 70·1 | 68·7 | 64·6, 72·5 | |
| F | 77·5 | 59·6, 89·0 | 65·1 | 50·3, 77·4 | 77·0 | 73·9, 79·8 | ||
| More than 4 slices/d | M | 16·2 | 8·0, 30·0 | 8·6 | 2·6, 24·6 | 23·1 | 19·8, 26·8 | |
| F | 14·3 | 5·1, 34·4 | 5·1 | 1·3, 18·7 | 6·0 | 4·6, 7·9 | ||
| Milk consumption | ||||||||
| Never | M | 0§,|| | – | 2·6 | 0·8, 8·1 | 5·1 | 3·5, 7·3 | <0·001 |
| F | 0·8 | 0·2, 3·3 | 10·2 | 4·1, 23·1 | 5·6 | 4·1, 7·4 | 0·082 | |
| Whole | M | 63·8 | 47·8, 77·3 | 38·6 | 22·1, 58·1 | 44·1 | 40·3, 47·9 | |
| F | 44·9 | 28·8, 62·2 | 40·2 | 27·6, 54·2 | 34·0 | 30·6, 37·6 | ||
| Reduced fat | M | 36·2 | 22·7, 52·2 | 48·6 | 30·4, 67·2 | 49·0 | 45·3, 52·8 | |
| F | 51·4 | 34·4, 68·2 | 40·4 | 27·7, 54·5 | 56·1 | 52·1, 60·0 | ||
| Other† | M | 0 | – | 10·3 | 3·1, 28·9 | 1·8 | 1·0, 3·2 | |
| F | 2·8 | 0·6, 11·6 | 9·3 | 3·7, 21·4 | 4·4 | 3·1, 6·1 | ||
| Frequency of eating chicken | ||||||||
| Never | M | 11·5 | 4·2, 27·5 | 0·6§,|| | 0·1, 4·1 | 7·3 | 5·6, 9·4 | 0·005 |
| F | 25·6§,|| | 12·6, 45·1 | 7·5 | 2·6, 19·7 | 5·0 | 4·0, 6·4 | <0·001 | |
| Two times or less per week | M | 49·9§ | 35·7, 64·1 | 56·8 | 39·6, 72·5 | 69·1 | 65·3, 72·6 | |
| F | 47·4§ | 30·3, 65·2 | 56·3 | 41·5, 70·1 | 66·9 | 63·6, 70·2 | ||
| Three or more times per week | M | 37·3 | 16·9, 57·8 | 42·7§ | 32·7, 79·4 | 25·0 | 21·0, 29·0 | |
| F | 31·4 | 10·4, 52·5 | 35·4 | 19·1, 51·8 | 27·0 | 23·5, 30·5 | ||
| Frequency of eating red meat | ||||||||
| Never | M | 21·1§ | 11·2, 36·3 | 6·5 | 1·7, 21·6 | 3·2 | 2·1, 4·8 | <0·001 |
| F | 42·7§,|| | 26·5, 60·6 | 8·1 | 3·1, 19·6 | 4·9 | 3·6, 6·7 | <0·001 | |
| Two times or less per week | M | 40·5§ | 27·7, 54·7 | 31·3 | 17·2, 49·9 | 31·2 | 27·7, 34·9 | |
| F | 42·2 | 26·4, 59·6 | 39·2 | 27·1, 52·9 | 36·1 | 32·8, 39·6 | ||
| Three or more times per week | M | 32·3§,|| | 12·6, 52·0 | 68·9 | 46·8, 91·0 | 65·9 | 61·6, 70·2 | |
| F | 15·2§,|| | 3·5, 26·8 | 52·7 | 39·4, 65·9 | 59·0 | 55·4, 62·5 | ||
| Frequency of eating processed meat | ||||||||
| Never | M | 46·7§ | 32·0, 61·9 | 30·3§ | 14·9, 51·8 | 6·4 | 4·8, 8·6 | <0·001 |
| F | 54·7§,|| | 36·9, 71·3 | 20·5 | 11·9, 33·1 | 12·3 | 10·2, 14·8 | <0·001 | |
| Two times or less per week | M | 46·2 | 30·9, 62·2 | 32·8 | 17·6, 52·7 | 57·3 | 53·3, 61·1 | |
| F | 38·0§,|| | 22·3, 56·7 | 64·6 | 50·4, 76·6 | 62·8 | 59·2, 66·2 | ||
| Three or more times per week | M | 7·1§,|| | 0, 14·9 | 36·9 | 18·5, 55·3 | 36·3 | 32·5, 40·0 | |
| F | 7·4§,|| | 0·1, 14·6 | 14·9 | 4·8, 35·0 | 24·9 | 21·8, 28·1 | ||
| Frequency of eating fresh/frozen/canned fish/seafood | ||||||||
| Never | M | 23·4 | 12·8, 38·9 | 12·4 | 3·6, 34·7 | 24·9 | 21·4, 28·7 | 0·247 |
| F | 33·3 | 18·8, 51·9 | 5·8§,|| | 2·2, 14·4 | 22·9 | 20·1, 26·1 | 0·002 | |
| Less than 1 time per week | M | 37·1 | 22·4, 54·7 | 49·2 | 32·0, 66·5 | 48·9 | 45·0, 52·9 | |
| F | 26·9 | 14·4, 44·6 | 66·8 | 53·5, 77·8 | 49·1 | 45·5, 52·8 | ||
| Once or more per week | M | 39·5 | 22·9, 58·9 | 38·4 | 22·4, 57·3 | 26·2 | 22·9, 29·8 | |
| F | 39·8 | 23·8, 58·3 | 27·4 | 17·3, 40·5 | 28·0 | 24·7, 31·4 | ||
| Other dietary habits | ||||||||
| Add salt to food regularly/always | M | 38·5 | 24·5, 54·8 | 41·4 | 25·0, 60·0 | 33·7 | 29·9, 37·8 | 0·587 |
| F | 44·5 | 27·8, 62·5 | 34·6 | 21·0, 51·3 | 47·4 | 43·8, 51·0 | 0·266 | |
| Choose reduced salt varieties regularly/always | M | 5·7 | 2·1, 14·5 | 21·5 | 8·9, 43·5 | 12·1 | 9·8, 14·9 | 0·147 |
| F | 5·4 | 2·2, 12·8 | 13·6 | 6·3, 26·8 | 17·5 | 14·8, 20·6 | 0·105 | |
| Choose low- or reduced-fat varieties regularly/always | M | 38·5 | 24·5, 54·8 | 41·4 | 25·0, 60·0 | 33·7 | 29·9, 37·8 | 0·587 |
| F | 44·5 | 27·8, 62·5 | 34·6 | 21·0, 51·3 | 47·4 | 43·8, 51·0 | 0·266 | |
| Remove excess fat from meat regularly/always | M | 77·4§ | 57·3, 89·7 | 71·5§ | 54·2, 84·1 | 57·3 | 53·1, 61·3 | 0·041 |
| F | 94·8§,|| | 85·2, 98·3 | 61·8 | 46·5, 75·0 | 69·2 | 65·8, 72·5 | 0·018 | |
| Remove skin from chicken regularly/always | M | 72·6§ | 55·0, 85·1 | 58·0 | 40·4, 73·8 | 41·8 | 37·6, 46·1 | 0·001 |
| F | 84·2§,|| | 63·5, 94·2 | 36·3 | 24·3, 50·2 | 56·3 | 52·6, 59·9 | <0·001 | |
| Use vegetable oils for cooking food | M | 94·6 | 75·9, 99·0 | 97·0 | 84·0, 99·5 | 90·3 | 87·7, 92·3 | 0·457 |
| F | 100 | – | 92·0 | 77·0, 97·5 | 90·8 | 88·8, 92·6 | 0·584 | |
| Fast food consumed more than three times per week | M | 19·2§ | 8·9, 36·6 | 13·9 | 5·6, 30·4 | 6·7 | 4·9, 9·1 | 0·014 |
| F | 0·4§ | 0·1, 2·8 | 6·5§,|| | 2·6, 15·5 | 2·4 | 1·6, 3·5 | 0·027 | |
| Soft drinks consumed more than three times per week | M | 30·7 | 18·0, 47·4 | 29·4 | 17·0, 45·8 | 29·8 | 26·1, 33·8 | 0·991 |
| F | 7·4§ | 3·0, 16·9 | 6·7§ | 2·8, 15·3 | 17·4 | 14·8, 20·4 | 0·008 | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| Any in the past 12 months | M | 81·9§ | 70·1, 93·7 | 85·5 | 74·8, 96·2 | 93·5 | 91·8, 95·1 | 0·005 |
| F | 47·3§,|| | 29·2, 65·5 | 70·4§ | 57·1, 83·6 | 87·7 | 85·5, 89·9 | <0·001 | |
| Consume alcohol more than weekly‡ | M | 53·9 | 36·9, 70·9 | 15§,|| | 3·1, 27·0 | 59·8 | 36·9, 70·1 | <0·001 |
| F | 9·3§ | 0, 21·2 | 10·3§ | 0·8, 21·4 | 46·7 | 42·5, 50·9 | <0·001 | |
SA, South Asians; ESEA; East and South-East Asians; NZEO, New Zealand Europeans and Others; M, males; F, females.
*
P value from χ 2 test.
†
Other milk includes cow’s milk alternatives such as rice milk and soya milk.
‡
Only includes those reporting alcohol consumption.
§
Percentage significantly different compared with NZEO.
||
Percentage significantly different between the Asian subgroups.