Table 3.
Mean daily nutrient intakes (age-adjusted) by gender and ethnicity (n 2995), 2008/09 Adult National Nutrition Survey, New Zealand
| SA | ESEA | NZEO | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrient | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | P value* |
| Energy (kJ) | |||||||
| M | 8352† | 7280, 9582 | 8677 | 7272, 10 353 | 9802 | 9424, 10 195 | 0·048 |
| F | 5513†,‡ | 4740, 6412 | 6854 | 6070, 7739 | 7236 | 7043, 7434 | 0·002 |
| Protein (g) | |||||||
| M | 76 | 64, 92 | 90 | 73, 110 | 93 | 89, 96 | 0·137 |
| F | 50†,‡ | 42, 59 | 71† | 62, 82 | 67 | 65, 69 | 0·003 |
| Protein (%TE) | |||||||
| M | 15·7 | 14·3, 17·2 | 17·9† | 16·5, 19·4 | 16·3 | 15·9, 16·6 | 0·070 |
| F | 15·7‡ | 14·1, 17·2 | 17·8† | 16·6, 19·1 | 16·3 | 15·9, 16·7 | 0·038 |
| Fat (g) | |||||||
| M | 65†,‡ | 53, 80 | 70 | 56, 87 | 85 | 81, 89 | 0·018 |
| F | 47† | 39, 57 | 56 | 48, 66 | 62 | 60, 65 | 0·013 |
| Fat (%TE) | |||||||
| M | 30·7‡ | 27·7, 33·7 | 31·3 | 28·6, 33·9 | 33·8 | 33·0, 34·5 | 0·043 |
| F | 33·3 | 30·0, 36·7 | 31·8 | 29·4, 34·2 | 33·9 | 33·2, 34·5 | 0·276 |
| Saturated fat (g) | |||||||
| M | 21·9† | 17·4, 27·6 | 23·0† | 18·2, 29·0 | 32·8 | 31·1, 34·6 | <0·001 |
| F | 16·6† | 13·1, 21·1 | 18·7† | 15·4, 22·6 | 23·4 | 22·4, 24·5 | 0·003 |
| Saturated fat (%TE) | |||||||
| M | 10·8† | 9·4, 12·3 | 10·6† | 9·5, 11·8 | 13·3 | 12·9, 13·7 | <0·001 |
| F | 12·5 | 10·3, 14·8 | 11·1† | 9·8, 12·5 | 13·2 | 12·8, 13·5 | 0·038 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g) | |||||||
| M | 10·6 | 8·3, 13·5 | 10·8 | 8·3, 14·0 | 11·5 | 11·0, 12·1 | 0·728 |
| F | 7·6 | 6·3, 9·1 | 8·9 | 7·4, 10·7 | 8·7 | 8·3, 9·0 | 0·338 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (%TE) | |||||||
| M | 5·2 | 4·4, 6·1 | 5·1 | 4·5, 5·7 | 4·7 | 4·6, 4·9 | 0·310 |
| F | 5·5 | 5·0, 6·1 | 5·3 | 4·8, 5·9 | 4·9 | 4·8, 5·1 | 0·086 |
| Monounsaturated fat (g) | |||||||
| M | 24·1 | 19·1, 30·4 | 27·9 | 22·2, 34·9 | 30·4 | 28·9, 32·0 | 0·131 |
| F | 16·4†,‡ | 13·8, 19·6 | 21·1 | 17·7, 25·0 | 22·1 | 21·3, 23·0 | 0·006 |
| Monounsaturated fat (%TE) | |||||||
| M | 11·7 | 10·1, 13·3 | 12·6 | 11·3, 13·9 | 12·3 | 11·9, 12·7 | 0·679 |
| F | 12·0 | 10·5, 13·5 | 12·3 | 11·1, 13·4 | 12·3 | 12·0, 12·6 | 0·941 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | |||||||
| M | 246 | 217, 278 | 256 | 216, 302 | 262 | 252, 272 | 0·617 |
| F | 168 | 144, 195 | 201 | 180, 226 | 197 | 191, 203 | 0·120 |
| Carbohydrate (%TE) | |||||||
| M | 50·7† | 46·8, 54·5 | 49·9† | 47·5, 52·2 | 45·6 | 44·8, 46·5 | <0·001 |
| F | 51·6† | 48·6, 54·6 | 49·8† | 47·6, 52·1 | 46·7 | 46·0, 47·5 | <0·001 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | |||||||
| M | 136†,‡ | 92, 200 | 231 | 175, 307 | 249 | 231, 269 | 0·015 |
| F | 121 | 83, 177 | 203 | 164, 251 | 173 | 164, 183 | 0·060 |
| Dietary fibre (g) | |||||||
| M | 19·6 | 16·9, 22·7 | 19·6 | 16·1, 23·7 | 20·4 | 19·5, 21·3 | 0·820 |
| F | 14·8 | 12·6, 17·5 | 17·3 | 15·1, 19·7 | 16·3 | 15·7, 16·9 | 0·381 |
| Total sugars (g) | |||||||
| M | 77† | 61, 96 | 78 | 54, 113 | 110 | 105, 116 | 0·003 |
| F | 68 | 59, 78 | 75 | 62, 91 | 91 | 87, 95 | 0·003 |
| Vitamin A (µg RE) | |||||||
| M | 592† | 484, 726 | 454† | 323, 638 | 748 | 702, 796 | 0·004 |
| F | 523 | 384, 711 | 527 | 418, 666 | 632 | 600, 665 | 0·180 |
| β-Carotene (µg) | |||||||
| M | 1808 | 1408, 2322 | 1398 | 937, 2086 | 1761 | 1610, 1927 | 0·531 |
| F | 1567 | 944, 2602 | 1691 | 1235, 2315 | 1708 | 1571, 1857 | 0·947 |
| Retinol (µg) | |||||||
| M | 198† | 149, 262 | 144† | 96, 216 | 332 | 306, 360 | <0·001 |
| F | 164†,‡ | 130, 208 | 156† | 120, 204 | 235 | 221, 250 | <0·001 |
| Thiamin (mg) | |||||||
| M | 1·1† | 0·9, 1·3 | 1·1† | 0·9, 1·4 | 1·5 | 1·4, 1·5 | 0·004 |
| F | 0·9 | 0·7, 1·1 | 0·8† | 0·7, 0·9 | 1·0 | 1·0, 1·1 | 0·007 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | |||||||
| M | 1·5† | 1·3, 1·8 | 1·6† | 1·3, 2·0 | 2·0 | 1·9, 2·1 | 0·001 |
| F | 1·4 | 1·2, 1·7 | 1·2 | 1·0, 1·5 | 1·5 | 1·5, 1·6 | 0·064 |
| Niacin equivalents (mg) | |||||||
| M | 14·2† | 11·4, 17·6 | 16·6 | 13·4, 20·6 | 19·3 | 18·4, 20·2 | 0·015 |
| F | 9·7†,‡ | 8·0, 11·6 | 13·0 | 11·0, 15·4 | 13·5 | 12·9, 14·1 | 0·003 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | |||||||
| M | 1·4† | 1·2, 1·7 | 1·7 | 1·3, 2·2 | 1·8 | 1·7, 2·0 | 0·036 |
| F | 1·2 | 1·0, 1·4 | 1·4 | 1·1, 1·6 | 1·4 | 1·3, 1·4 | 0·263 |
| Vitamin B12 (mg) | |||||||
| M | 1·9† | 1·4, 2·6 | 2·7 | 1·9, 4·0 | 3·7 | 3·5, 4·0 | <0·001 |
| F | 1·6†,‡ | 1·2, 2·1 | 2·7 | 2·1, 3·5 | 2·5 | 2·4, 2·7 | 0·003 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | |||||||
| M | 71 | 55, 92 | 77 | 50, 118 | 68 | 62, 75 | 0·851 |
| F | 61 | 45, 84 | 89 | 64, 123 | 71 | 66, 76 | 0·276 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | |||||||
| M | 9·2 | 7·4, 11·5 | 9·1 | 7·0, 12·0 | 10·3 | 9·8, 10·9 | 0·456 |
| F | 7·4 | 6·4, 8·6 | 8·5 | 7·2, 10·1 | 8·4 | 8·0, 8·7 | 0·282 |
| Ca (mg) | |||||||
| M | 598† | 506, 707 | 554† | 420, 731 | 856 | 816, 898 | <0·001 |
| F | 605 | 498, 736 | 501† | 407, 618 | 695 | 668, 724 | 0·006 |
| Fe (mg) | |||||||
| M | 11·1 | 9·5, 12·9 | 11·5 | 9·2, 14·4 | 12·3 | 11·8, 12·8 | 0·398 |
| F | 7·8 | 6·7, 9·2 | 9·7 | 8·5, 11·0 | 9·2 | 8·9, 9·5 | 0·124 |
| K (mg) | |||||||
| M | 2704†,‡ | 2305, 3171 | 2846 | 2302, 3520 | 3243 | 3123, 3368 | 0·056 |
| F | 2213† | 1940, 2525 | 2429 | 2049, 2880 | 2620 | 2538, 2705 | 0·043 |
| Se (mg) | |||||||
| M | 39·0† | 31·6, 48·2 | 48·9 | 36·3, 65·9 | 53·7 | 50·6, 56·9 | 0·019 |
| F | 26·5†,‡ | 20·6, 34·0 | 47·4† | 40·3, 55·8 | 38·9 | 37·2, 40·7 | <0·001 |
| Zn (mg) | |||||||
| M | 11·1 | 9·1, 13·6 | 11·9 | 9·7, 14·6 | 11·4 | 11·0, 11·9 | 0·900 |
| F | 6·5†,‡ | 5·5, 7·7 | 9·7† | 8·5, 11·0 | 8·2 | 7·9, 8·5 | 0·018 |
SA, South Asians; ESEA; East and South-East Asians; NZEO, New Zealand Europeans and Others; M, males; F, females; %TE, percentage of total energy; RE, retinol equivalents.
Geometric mean reported for all nutrients apart from %TE.
*
P value for the association between nutrient intake and ethnicity.
†
Mean value significantly different compared with NZEO.
‡
Mean significantly different between Asian subgroups.