Table 2.

Changing risk factors for malnutrition among under-5 children in Dhaka (urban; 1993–2012), Bangladesh

	Underweight						Stunting						Wasting
	1993		2002		2012		1993		2002		2012		1993		2002		2012
Sociodemographic characteristics	aOR	95 % CI	aOR	95 % CI	aOR	95 % CI	aOR	95 % CI	aOR	95 % CI	aOR	95 % CI	aOR	95 % CI	aOR	95 % CI	aOR	95 % CI
Child’s age
12–23 months	1·24	1·00, 1·52*	1·47	1·09, 1·96*	0·99	0·77, 1·29	1·52	1·24, 1·87*	1·31	0·97, 1·76	1·29	0·98, 1·71	1·66	1·35, 2·04*	1·75	1·27, 2·39*	1·29	0·97, 1·70
24–59 months	1·53	1·23, 1·92*	2·15	1·48, 3·12*	2·16	1·51, 3·08*	2·75	2·18, 3·45*	2·39	1·64, 3·47*	2·29	1·58, 3·31*	1·09	0·87, 1·36	1·67	1·12, 2·49*	1·71	1·17, 2·57*
Female	0·97	0·81, 1·16	1·03	0·79, 1·34	0·91	0·71, 1·15	0·80	0·67, 0·95*	0·91	0·69, 1·19	0·82	0·63, 1·07	0·86	0·71, 1·02	1·09	0·81, 1·45	0·90	0·69, 1·17
Maternal illiteracy	1·56	1·26, 1·94*	1·34	0·97, 1·85	2·30	1·59, 3·31*	1·54	1·25, 1·91*	1·17	0·84, 1·62	1·72	1·17, 2·54*	1·36	1·09, 1·70*	1·21	0·85, 1·72	1·85	1·25, 2·74*
Paternal illiteracy	1·36	1·09, 1·69*	1·48	1·08, 2·03*	1·32	0·94, 1·87	1·39	1·11, 1·71*	1·24	0·91, 1·72	1·30	0·90, 1·87	1·22	0·99, 1·51	1·70	1·21, 2·39*	1·22	0·84, 1·76
Family size (greater than mean; >5)	1·10	0·93, 1·32	0·98	0·74, 1·31	1·29	1·02, 1·68*	0·96	0·82, 1·15	1·11	0·83, 1·48	1·03	0·79, 1·35	1·21	1·01, 1·47*	0·82	0·61, 1·12	1·26	0·96, 1·66
Slum residents	1·68	1·22, 2·31*	1·07	0·68, 1·67	1·72	0·91, 3·24	1·55	1·15, 2·08*	1·24	0·79, 1·94	1·18	0·59, 2·29	1·47	1·15, 1·94	1·14	0·72, 1·79	1·87	0·98, 3·53
Monthly family income ≤$US 100	1·54	1·21, 1·95*	1·37	0·96, 1·96	1·55	0·16, 2·07*	1·47	1·15, 1·89*	1·87	1·28, 2·74*	1·45	1·06, 1·96*	1·51	1·17, 1·94*	1·27	0·84, 1·93	1·27	0·92, 1·74
Wealth quintile
Upper middle	1·77	1·32, 2·37*	1·96	1·24, 3·10*	1·29	0·78, 2·15	1·61	1·18, 2·16*	1·25	0·76, 2·03	2·27	1·22, 4·22*	1·38	0·98, 1·96	1·39	0·81, 2·41	0·84	0·51, 1·40
Middle	2·26	1·65, 3·10*	2·33	1·43, 3·79	1·46	0·87, 2·47	1·66	1·20, 2·28*	1·78	1·07, 2·96*	2·28	1·19, 4·36*	1·61	1·15, 2·32	1·80	1·02, 3·18*	1·00	0·59, 1·72
Lower middle	2·61	1·84, 3·69*	2·37	1·40, 4·02*	1·65	0·96, 2·83	2·06	1·45, 2·92*	1·85	1·08, 3·20*	2·72	1·41, 5·25*	2·00	1·37, 2·94*	1·95	1·07, 3·55*	1·08	0·62, 1·88
Poor	2·30	1·62, 3·25*	2·69	1·52, 4·74*	1·66	1·30, 3·37*	1·93	1·36, 2·74*	2·14	1·20, 3·84*	2·45	1·23, 4·85*	1·80	1·30, 2·79*	1·93	1·01, 3·66*	1·43	0·81, 2·55
Drinking untreated water	1·49	1·09, 2·04*	1·08	0·77, 1·51	1·14	0·87, 1·49	1·78	1·37, 2·65*	1·17	0·82, 1·67	0·95	0·71, 1·26	1·50	1·07, 2·33*	1·12	0·76, 1·64	1·03	0·78, 1·37

aOR, adjusted odds ratio.

Dependent variable: underweight=1, stunted=1, wasted=1 and well-nourished=0 for each point (year) of observation.

Reference categories: child’s age 0–11 months; male sex; maternal and paternal literacy; family size less than or equal to the mean; non-slum residence; monthly income >$US 100; wealth quintile=rich; drinking treated (boiled) water.

*P<0·05.