Table 2.
Child, maternal and household characteristics of the sample, by 5DE inclusion status; children under 24 months of age and their mothers (n 1787) from 240 rural communities across sixteen districts of Nepal, mid-June to early October 2012
| All | Included | Excluded | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | n | Mean or % | sd | n | Mean or % | sd | n | Mean or % | sd | P value |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age (months) | 1787 | 12·3 | 6·7 | 1307 | 12·1 | 6·7 | 480 | 12·9 | 6·8 | 0·04 |
| Age group (%) | 1787 | 1307 | 480 | 0·22 | ||||||
| 0–5·9 months | 21·5 | 22·6 | 18·8 | |||||||
| 6–11·9 months | 26·9 | 27·2 | 26·2 | |||||||
| 12–17·9 months | 26·7 | 26·9 | 26·0 | |||||||
| 18–23·9 months | 24·9 | 22·3 | 29·0 | |||||||
| Sex: boys (%) | 1787 | 50·7 | 1307 | 51·2 | 480 | 49·4 | 0·52 | |||
| Anthropometric Z-scores | ||||||||||
| Length-for-age Z-score | 1776 | −1·42 | 1·30 | 1307 | −1·41 | 1·33 | 469 | −1·46 | 1·29 | 0·65 |
| Stunting prevalence (%) | 1776 | 32·3 | 1307 | 32·5 | 469 | 31·8 | 0·81 | |||
| Weight-for-length Z-score | 1761 | −0·89 | 1·10 | 1295 | −0·87 | 1·12 | 466 | −0·96 | 1·13 | 0·18 |
| Wasting prevalence (%) | 1761 | 15·2 | 1295 | 14·3 | 466 | 17·6 | 0·12 | |||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||||
| Height (cm) | 1786 | 151·6 | 5·5 | 1307 | 151·7 | 5·5 | 480 | 151·3 | 5·4 | 0·23 |
| Age (years) (range: 15–52) | 1787 | 24·9 | 5·6 | 1307 | 24·5 | 5·5 | 480 | 26·1 | 5·7 | <0·001 |
| Years of education | 1786 | 5·2 | 4·6 | 1306 | 5·4 | 4·6 | 480 | 4·7 | 4·4 | 0·05 |
| Level of formal schooling (%) | 1786 | 1306 | 480 | 0·95 | ||||||
| Less than grade 1 | 31·9 | 30·7 | 35·2 | |||||||
| Some primary | 13·7 | 13·0 | 15·4 | |||||||
| Completed primary (grades 1–5) | 7·7 | 7·8 | 7·5 | |||||||
| Some secondary | 25·4 | 25·8 | 24·2 | |||||||
| Completed secondary (grades 6–10) | 10·9 | 11·0 | 10·4 | |||||||
| Completed grade 12 or higher | 10·5 | 11·7 | 7·3 | |||||||
| Agricultural occupation (primary or secondary) (%) | 1787 | 79·2 | 1307 | 82·6 | 480 | 69·7 | <0·001 | |||
| Women’s empowerment in agriculture* (%) | 1307 | |||||||||
| Overall WEAI 5DE: empowered | 9·2 | |||||||||
| Input into production decisions: empowered | 79·2 | |||||||||
| Autonomy in production: empowered | 31·2 | |||||||||
| Ownership of assets: empowered | 84·6 | |||||||||
| Right to purchase, sell or transfer agricultural assets: empowered | 56·9 | |||||||||
| Access to and decisions on credit: empowered | 30·1 | |||||||||
| Control over use of income: empowered | 59·3 | |||||||||
| Group membership: empowered | 21·0 | |||||||||
| Speaking in public: empowered | 79·5 | |||||||||
| Workload (<10·5 h/d paid/unpaid labour): empowered | 38·1 | |||||||||
| Leisure (satisfaction with time): empowered | 83·4 | |||||||||
| Household characteristics | ||||||||||
| Religion: Hinduism (%) | 1787 | 91·1 | 1307 | 91·1 | 480 | 91·0 | 0·87 | |||
| Caste (%) | 1787 | 1307 | 480 | 0·56 | ||||||
| Upper caste groups | 46·7 | 49·0 | 40·2 | |||||||
| Relatively advantaged Janajatis | 6·4 | 6·4 | 6·3 | |||||||
| Religious minorities & disadvantaged non-Dalit terai | 4·6 | 4·3 | 5·4 | |||||||
| Disadvantaged Janajatis | 22·9 | 23·1 | 22·3 | |||||||
| Dalit | 19·5 | 17·1 | 25·8 | |||||||
| Wealth (range of 0–23 assets) | 1787 | 8·5 | 3·5 | 1307 | 9·0 | 3·5 | 480 | 7·3 | 3·3 | <0·001 |
| Agro-ecological zone of residence (%) | 1787 | 1307 | 480 | 0·11 | ||||||
| Mountains | 25·1 | 27·4 | 18·8 | |||||||
| Hills | 50·6 | 49·3 | 54·4 | |||||||
| Terai | 24·3 | 23·3 | 26·9 | |||||||
| Household size | 1787 | 5·7 | 2·4 | 1307 | 6·2 | 2·3 | 480 | 4·4 | 2·0 | <0·001 |
| More than one child aged <5 years (%) | 1787 | 35·4 | 1307 | 36·3 | 480 | 32·9 | 0·15 | |||
5DE, Five Domains of Empowerment; WEAI, Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index.
*
All women’s empowerment in agriculture percentages represent a binary variable constructed based on the aggregation cut-off levels explained for each indicator in Table 1. The empowerment in the overall WEAI 5DE percentage represents an individual who, based on these indicator level cut-offs, is empowered in some combination of the weighted indicators reflecting at least 80 % total adequacy.