Table 3.
Associations of intakes of dietary antioxidants, vegetables and fruits with the number of teeth with periodontal disease progression; dentate individuals (n 264) aged 75 years in 2003, Niigata City, Japan
| Outcome: Number of teeth with periodontal disease progression | ||||||||||||
| Mean | sd | IRRCrude | 95 % CI | IRRAdj | 95 % CI | |||||||
| Exposure: Antioxidants† | ||||||||||||
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | ||||||||||||
| Lowest (reference) | 2·0 | 2·5 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||
| Middle | 1·4 | 2·2 | 0·73* | 0·58, 0·92 | 0·76 * | 0·60, 0·97 | ||||||
| Highest | 1·2 | 1·7 | 0·61* | 0·48, 0·77 | 0·72* | 0·56, 0·93 | ||||||
| Vitamin E (mg/d) | ||||||||||||
| Lowest (reference) | 2·1 | 2·5 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||
| Middle | 1·5 | 2·2 | 0·71* | 0·57, 0·89 | 0·79* | 0·62, 0·99 | ||||||
| Highest | 1·0 | 1·6 | 0·47* | 0·36, 0·61 | 0·55* | 0·42, 0·72 | ||||||
| α-Carotene (μg/d) | ||||||||||||
| Lowest (reference) | 1·8 | 2·5 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||
| Middle | 1·5 | 2·1 | 0·87 | 0·70, 1·10 | 1·06 | 0·82, 1·36 | ||||||
| Highest | 1·3 | 1·8 | 0·72* | 0·56, 0·92 | 0·89 | 0·68, 1·15 | ||||||
| β-Carotene (μg/d) | ||||||||||||
| Lowest (reference) | 1·8 | 2·5 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||
| Middle | 1·6 | 2·2 | 0·92 | 0·74, 1·15 | 1·02 | 0·81, 1·29 | ||||||
| Highest | 1·1 | 1·6 | 0·64* | 0·50, 0·82 | 0·73* | 0·56, 0·95 | ||||||
| Exposure: Vegetables and fruits† | ||||||||||||
| Vegetables (g/d) | ||||||||||||
| Lowest (reference) | 1·9 | 2·7 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||
| Middle | 1·6 | 2·1 | 0·84 | 0·67, 1·05 | 0·94 | 0·74, 1·19 | ||||||
| Highest | 1·1 | 1·4 | 0·58* | 0·45, 0·74 | 0·68* | 0·52, 0·88 | ||||||
| Fruits (g/d) | ||||||||||||
| Lowest (reference) | 1·9 | 2·4 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||
| Middle | 1·5 | 2·3 | 0·79* | 0·63, 0·99 | 0·88 | 0·69, 1·11 | ||||||
| Highest | 1·2 | 1·6 | 0·62* | 0·49, 0·80 | 0·74* | 0·57, 0·95 | ||||||
IRRCrude, unadjusted incidence rate ratio for the associations of antioxidant, vegetable and fruit intakes with the number of teeth with periodontal disease progression; IRRAdj, incidence rate ratio for the associations of antioxidant, vegetable and fruit intakes with the number of teeth with periodontal disease progression, simultaneously taking into account the number of teeth present at baseline, mean clinical attachment level at baseline, gender, lower income, lower education, BMI, hypoalbuminaemia, hyperglycaemia, smoking status, brushing frequency, use of devices for inter-dental cleaning and the pattern of visits to a dentist as covariates.
*P < 0·05.
†Energy-adjusted (i.e. amount per 4184 kJ/1000 kcal for each variable).