Table 1.
Characteristics of the entire sample and stratified by area of residence: adults (n 1004) from Metro Detroit, MI, USA, August 2009–February 2010
| All participants (n 1004) | Detroit* (n 235) | Non-Detroit* (n 742) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Mean or n | sd or % | Mean or n | sd or % | Mean or n | sd or % | P value† |
| Age (years), mean (sd) | 46·7 | 15·0 | 46 | 13·4 | 47 | 15·5 | 0·35 |
| Female, n (%) | 719 | 73·7 | 179 | 76·2 | 540 | 72·9 | 0·32 |
| Sites, n (%) | |||||||
| Suburban, residency clinic | 247 | 25·3 | 40 | 17·0 | 207 | 27·9 | <0·0005 |
| Suburban, attending clinic | 244 | 25·0 | 13 | 5·5 | 231 | 31·2 | |
| Rural clinic | 247 | 25·3 | 1 | 0·4 | 246 | 33·2 | |
| Urban community health clinic | 238 | 24·4 | 181 | 77·0 | 57 | 7·7 | |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | |||||||
| White | 610 | 64·6 | 17 | 7·5 | 593 | 82·8 | <0·0005 |
| African American | 305 | 32·3 | 207 | 90·8 | 98 | 13·7 | |
| Hispanic | 10 | 1·1 | 1 | 0·4 | 9 | 1·3 | |
| Asian | 10 | 1·1 | 1 | 0·4 | 9 | 1·3 | |
| Other | 9 | 1·0 | 2 | 0·9 | 7 | 1·0 | |
| Employment, n (%) | |||||||
| Employed full time | 369 | 39·9 | 64 | 30·3 | 305 | 42·7 | <0·0005 |
| Employed part time | 140 | 15·1 | 31 | 14·7 | 109 | 15·3 | |
| Retired | 170 | 18·4 | 29 | 13·7 | 141 | 19·7 | |
| Student | 41 | 4·4 | 16 | 7·6 | 25 | 3·5 | |
| Not employed | 205 | 22·2 | 71 | 33·6 | 134 | 18·8 | |
| Education, n (%) | |||||||
| Some high school | 84 | 8·8 | 41 | 18·1 | 43 | 5·9 | <0·0005 |
| High-school graduate | 318 | 33·2 | 74 | 32·7 | 244 | 33·4 | |
| Some college | 305 | 31·9 | 78 | 34·5 | 227 | 31·0 | |
| College graduate | 250 | 26·1 | 33 | 14·6 | 217 | 29·7 | |
| Annual income, n (%) | |||||||
| <$US 10 000 | 13 | 21·3 | 85 | 43·4 | 98 | 14·8 | <0·0005 |
| $US 10 000–24 999 | 198 | 23·0 | 55 | 28·1 | 143 | 21·5 | |
| $US 25 000–49 999 | 199 | 23·1 | 31 | 15·8 | 168 | 25·3 | |
| $US 50 000–74 999 | 142 | 16·5 | 13 | 6·6 | 129 | 19·4 | |
| >$US 75 000 | 138 | 16·1 | 12 | 6·1 | 126 | 19·0 | |
| Have a car, n (%) | 891 | 92·2 | 183 | 78·9 | 708 | 96·5 | <0·0005 |
| SNAP participation‡, n (%) | 222 | 22·9 | 105 | 45·1 | 117 | 15·9 | <0·0005 |
| Food from SNAP§, n (%) | 88 | 9·1 | 37 | 15·9 | 51 | 6·9 | <0·0005 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (sd) | 30·5 | 7·8 | 32·8 | 8·6 | 29·7 | 7·4 | <0·0005 |
| BMI, n (%) | |||||||
| Underweight (<18·5 kg/m2) | 14 | 1·5 | 2 | 0·9 | 12 | 1·7 | <0·0005 |
| Normal weight (18·5–24·9 kg/m2) | 218 | 23·2 | 37 | 16·2 | 181 | 25·4 | |
| Overweight (25·0–29·9 kg/m2) | 275 | 29·9 | 58 | 25·3 | 217 | 30·4 | |
| Obese (≥30·0 kg/m2) | 434 | 46·1 | 132 | 57·6 | 302 | 42·4 | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||||
| Never | 388 | 40·5 | 90 | 39·3 | 298 | 40·8 | 0·77 |
| Current | 234 | 24·4 | 54 | 23·6 | 180 | 24·7 | |
| Former | 337 | 35·1 | 85 | 37·1 | 252 | 34·5 | |
| Exercise regularly, n (%) | |||||||
| Never | 125 | 13·4 | 42 | 18·9 | 83 | 11·7 | <0·0005 |
| Some of the time | 560 | 60·0 | 143 | 64·4 | 417 | 58·6 | |
| Usually | 248 | 26·6 | 37 | 16·7 | 211 | 29·7 | |
| Health self-rating, n (%) | |||||||
| Excellent | 60 | 6·2 | 10 | 4·3 | 50 | 6·8 | <0·0005 |
| Very good | 263 | 27·0 | 43 | 18·3 | 220 | 29·7 | |
| Good | 444 | 45·5 | 103 | 43·8 | 341 | 46·1 | |
| Fair | 176 | 18·1 | 61 | 26·0 | 115 | 15·5 | |
| Poor | 32 | 3·3 | 18 | 7·7 | 14 | 1·9 | |
| Chronic illness or disease, n (%) | |||||||
| Hypertension | 323 | 33·1 | 108 | 46·0 | 215 | 29·0 | <0·0005 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 214 | 21·9 | 51 | 21·7 | 163 | 22·0 | 0·92 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 126 | 12·9 | 46 | 19·6 | 80 | 10·8 | <0·0005 |
| Heart disease | 70 | 7·2 | 22 | 9·4 | 48 | 6·5 | 0·14 |
| Anaemia | 72 | 7·4 | 33 | 14·0 | 39 | 5·3 | <0·0005 |
| Lung disease | 71 | 7·3 | 21 | 8·9 | 50 | 6·7 | 0·26 |
| Kidney disease | 16 | 1·6 | 10 | 4·3 | 6 | 0·8 | <0·0005 |
SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
*Detroit v. non-Detroit variable was defined based on self-reported zip code.
†Compared by Student's t test (continuous variables) or the χ 2 test (categorical variables).
‡SNAP participation refers to WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children) or Bridge Card.
§Food from SNAP refers to programmes such as Gleaners, Capuchins, or a church group.