Table 5a.
Weekly consumption frequency (means and their standard errors), prevalence of high consumption, and odds ratios (95 % confidence intervals) for intake of high-sugar, refined and high-fat foods by classified parental education and country; children (n 14 426) aged 2 to 9 years from eight European countries, baseline survey of IDEFICS study, September 2007 to May 2008
Belgium | Estonia | Germany | Sweden | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food group/Parental education | Mean | se | p† | OR | 95 % CI | Mean | se | p† | OR | 95 % CI | Mean | se | p† | OR | 95 % CI | Mean | se | p† | OR | 95 % CI |
Fried potatoes | ||||||||||||||||||||
Low | 1·2 | 0·17 | 58 | 1·25 | 0·63, 2·47 | 1·4 | 0·42 | 50 | 0·94 | 0·38, 2·36 | 1·5a,b | 0·15 | 48 | 2·23*** | 1·62, 3·06 | 1·0 | 0·26 | 50 | 3·45* | 1·26, 9·39 |
Medium | 1·3c | 0·06 | 57 | 1·25* | 1·01, 1·55 | 1·5 | 0·06 | 52 | 1·29 | 0·96, 1·72 | 0·9a | 0·05 | 33 | 1·17 | 0·90, 1·53 | 0·5 | 0·05 | 21 | 0·99 | 0·76, 1·30 |
High | 1·1c | 0·04 | 51 | 1·2 | 0·11 | 46 | 0·6b | 0·06 | 29 | 0·5 | 0·03 | 21 | ||||||||
Fruits with sugar and nuts | ||||||||||||||||||||
Low | 1·7 | 0·45 | 38 | 0·78 | 0·39, 1·55 | 5·5 | 1·49 | 36 | 1·22 | 0·48, 3·12 | 4·2a,b | 0·31 | 37 | 3·10*** | 2·20, 4·78 | 3·1 | 0·81 | 69 | 3·00* | 1·02, 8·84 |
Medium | 2·1c | 0·13 | 51 | 1·36* | 1·10, 1·67 | 5·0 | 0·15 | 33 | 1·10 | 0·80, 1·50 | 2·5a | 0·14 | 22 | 1·47* | 1·09, 1·97 | 2·1 | 0·15 | 47 | 1·14 | 0·92, 1·41 |
High | 1·6c | 0·09 | 44 | 4·5 | 0·36 | 31 | 2·1b | 0·21 | 16 | 1·7 | 0·09 | 44 | ||||||||
Fried meat and fish | ||||||||||||||||||||
Low | 5·2 | 0·39 | 43 | 1·44 | 0·73, 2·81 | 2·3 | 0·60 | 32 | 0·81 | 0·31, 2·12 | 3·9b | 0·20 | 54 | 2·07*** | 1·43, 2·99 | 5·3 | 0·39 | 56 | 1·99 | 0·73, 5·45 |
Medium | 4·5 | 0·12 | 33 | 0·97 | 0·78, 1·21 | 3·0c | 0·09 | 42 | 1·46* | 1·07, 1·99 | 3·5 | 0·08 | 52 | 1·58* | 1·16, 2·16 | 4·4 | 0·13 | 37 | 0·96 | 0·77, 1·21 |
High | 4·5 | 0·08 | 33 | 2·4c | 0·15 | 33 | 3·2b | 0·12 | 50 | 4·2 | 0·06 | 38 | ||||||||
Cold cuts | ||||||||||||||||||||
Low | 5·3 | 0·63 | 36 | 1·32 | 0·66, 2·67 | 7·5a,b | 1·51 | 38 | 1·94 | 0·74, 5·09 | 6·0 | 0·27 | 38 | 0·90 | 0·66, 1·23 | 3·6 | 0·92 | 38 | 1·84 | 0·65, 5·17 |
Medium | 4·4 | 0·14 | 27 | 0·84 | 0·66, 1·05 | 4·3a | 0·11 | 23 | 0·93 | 0·66, 1·32 | 6·6 | 0·13 | 43 | 1·11 | 0·87, 1·41 | 2·5 | 0·15 | 26 | 1·11 | 0·87, 1·43 |
High | 4·5 | 0·10 | 30 | 4·1b | 0·24 | 23 | 5·7 | 0·21 | 41 | 2·2 | 0·10 | 23 | ||||||||
Fast food | ||||||||||||||||||||
Low | 0·5b | 0·30 | 11 | 3·77* | 1·24, 11·5 | 3·8 | 0·90 | 32 | 0·77 | 0·29, 2·04 | 1·0a,b | 0·15 | 22 | 4·64*** | 2·77, 7·78 | 0·6 | 0·24 | 31 | 1·07 | 0·37, 3·13 |
Medium | 0·2c | 0·04 | 8 | 2·51*** | 1·56, 4·03 | 4·5 | 0·11 | 29 | 0·78 | 0·57, 1·07 | 0·3a | 0·03 | 9 | 1·52 | 0·93, 2·47 | 0·6 | 0·05 | 29 | 0·73 | 0·73, 1·18 |
High | 0·1b,c | 0·02 | 3 | 5·0 | 0·28 | 35 | 0·2b | 0·05 | 6 | 0·6 | 0·02 | 31 | ||||||||
White bread | ||||||||||||||||||||
Low | 7·3b | 0·78 | 56 | 3·01* | 1·53, 5·92 | 9·4 | 1·67 | 36 | 2·08 | 0·79, 5·44 | 8·0a,b | 0·35 | 53 | 1·92*** | 1·34, 2·76 | 3·8 | 0·87 | 31 | 0·79 | 0·27, 2·34 |
Medium | 5·8c | 0·21 | 43 | 1·80*** | 1·45, 2·24 | 6·8 | 0·17 | 23 | 1·24 | 0·86, 1·80 | 6·0a | 0·16 | 42 | 0·96 | 0·70, 1·31 | 3·9c | 0·20 | 42 | 1·25 | 0·99, 1·56 |
High | 4·3b,c | 0·14 | 29 | 6·5 | 0·40 | 19 | 6·2b | 0·27 | 46 | 3·3c | 0·09 | 37 | ||||||||
Sugared beverages‡ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Low | 15·3b | 2·28 | 34 | 1·45 | 0·73, 2·90 | 12·1 | 2·11 | 18 | 0·47 | 0·15, 1·48 | 22·2a,b | 0·93 | 46 | 2·10*** | 1·52, 2·90 | 7·2 | 1·26 | 44 | 1·51 | 0·55, 4·18 |
Medium | 14·7c | 0·50 | 38 | 1·77*** | 1·42, 2·20 | 12·8 | 0·27 | 34 | 1·20 | 0·82, 1·53 | 16·2a | 0·44 | 34 | 1·14 | 0·87, 1·49 | 5·7 | 0·28 | 36 | 1·17 | 0·93, 1·47 |
High | 10·9b,c | 0·29 | 26 | 12·7 | 0·63 | 32 | 14·3b | 0·65 | 31 | 5·1 | 0·14 | 32 | ||||||||
Snacks and desserts | ||||||||||||||||||||
Low | 8·3 | 0·91 | 32 | 0·89 | 0·44, 1·80 | 9·6 | 1·74 | 48 | 1·96 | 0·78, 4·95 | 10·7a,b | 0·49 | 41 | 1·34 | 0·98, 1·86 | 5·0 | 0·86 | 56 | 0·84 | 0·27, 2·65 |
Medium | 8·7 | 0·28 | 31 | 0·87 | 0·70, 1·09 | 7·9 | 0·20 | 33 | 1·04 | 0·76, 1·42 | 9·6a | 0·20 | 36 | 0·96 | 0·74, 1·24 | 5·0 | 0·16 | 51 | 0·88 | 0·69, 1·12 |
High | 9·3 | 0·20 | 35 | 7·5 | 0·40 | 33 | 9·1b | 0·27 | 36 | 5·3 | 0·08 | 56 | ||||||||
Chocolate- or nut-based spread | ||||||||||||||||||||
Low | 3·0b | 0·36 | 16 | 0·43 | 0·18, 1,06 | 2·1a,b | 0·68 | 43 | 4·26* | 1·56, 11·6 | 3·7a,b | 0·26 | 41 | 1·46* | 1·06, 2·00 | 0·3 | 0·17 | 12 | 6·94* | 1·41, 34·2 |
Medium | 3·9c | 0·13 | 26 | 0·79* | 0·62, 0·99 | 0·9a,c | 0·05 | 25 | 2·41*** | 1·56, 3·71 | 2·8a | 0·09 | 33 | 1·01 | 0·78, 1·30 | 0·1 | 0·02 | 4 | 1·32 | 0·73, 2·40 |
High | 4·4b,c | 0·10 | 29 | 0·3b,c | 0·06 | 12 | 2·8b | 0·17 | 33 | 0·1 | 0·02 | 3 |
Reference group: high education.
Analysis of covariance model adjusted for gender, age and BMI category. Two-sided level of significance (P < 0·05): asignificant difference between low and medium; bsignificant difference between low and high; csignificant difference between medium and high.
OR and 95 % CI determined by logistic regression models. Variables included in the models were parental education, gender, age and BMI category. Two-sided level of significance: *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001.
†p refers to the proportion of participants assigned to the highest consumption category.
‡Includes soft drinks, fruit juices and sugared milk.