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. 2012 Jun 12;16(3):487–498. doi: 10.1017/S136898001200290X

Table 5b.

Weekly consumption frequency (means and their standard errors), prevalence of high consumption, and odds ratios (95 % confidence intervals) for intake of high-sugar, refined and high-fat foods by classified parental education and country; children (n 14 426) aged 2 to 9 years from eight European countries, baseline survey of IDEFICS study, September 2007 to May 2008

Cyprus Hungary Italy Spain
Food group/Parental education Mean se p† OR 95 % CI Mean se p† OR 95 % CI Mean se p† OR 95 % CI Mean se p† OR 95 % CI
Fried potatoes
Low 3·6a,b 1·12 24 3·21* 1·22, 8·49 1·8b 0·29 62 2·85*** 1·60, 5·05 1·2a,b 0·10 42 1·39* 1·04, 1·84 1·5 b 0·15 60 1·69* 1·13, 2·53
Medium 2·1a,c 0·13 14 1·69*** 1·20, 2·39 1·4c 0·05 54 1·99*** 1·68, 2·37 0·8a 0·04 33 0·94 0·74, 1·19 1·3 0·08 52 1·21 0·94, 1·55
High 1·5b,c 0·08 9 0·8b,c 0·04 37 0·7b 0·06 34 1·1b 0·05 47
Fruits with sugar and nuts
Low 5·7 2·15 43 1·63 0·77, 3·43 6·3a,b 1·07 46 2·72*** 1·56, 4·74 4·7a,b 0·28 45 3·14*** 2·30, 4·29 4·4 a,b 0·44 46 3·24*** 2·15, 4·89
Medium 4·5 0·27 36 1·23 0·97, 1·56 3·3a,c 0·14 30 1·41*** 1·17, 1·71 3·2a,c 0·14 31 1·73*** 1·32, 2·27 3·2 a,c 0·22 30 1·60*** 1·20, 2·12
High 3·8 0·19 31 2·4b,c 0·11 23 2·0b,c 0·17 21 2·1 b,c 0·11 21
Fried meat and fish
Low 3·2b 1·98 13 1·46 0·70, 3·05 3·7b 0·46 44 1·57 0·90, 2·72 2·8a,b 0·15 36 1·58* 1·18, 2·13 5·3a,b 0·42 39 1·43 0·95, 2·15
Medium 2·1c 0·18 21 1·52*** 1·21, 1·90 3·0 0·08 34 1·04 0·87, 1·24 2·4a,c 0·07 34 1·40* 1·08, 1·80 4·0a 0·15 32 1·05 0·81, 1·37
High 1·2b,c 0·07 14 2·8b 0·07 34 2·0b,c 0·10 27 3·9b 0·10 31
Cold cuts
Low 3·5 0·72 48 1·49 0·69, 3·23 6·8a,b 0·87 43 1·72 0·99, 3·02 2·9a,b 0·15 28 1·75* 1·25, 2·46 3·9 0·40 19 0·90 0·55, 1·49
Medium 3·2 0·17 31 0·76* 0·60, 0·96 5·1a 0·12 34 1·22* 1·02, 1·46 2·4a 0·07 20 1·17 0·87, 1·58 3·8 0·15 20 0·91 0·67, 1.24
High 3·1 0·13 37 4·7b 0·12 30 2·1b 0·11 18 4·0 0·11 22
Fast food
Low 5·3 1·15 44 1·53 0·70, 3·35 7·0a,b 1·04 57 2·22* 1·26, 3·91 1·0a,b 0·10 31 1·39* 1·01, 1·90 0·8 0·11 35 1·10 0·73, 1·68
Medium 4·1 0·19 29 0·78* 0·62, 0·99 3·6a 0·11 36 0·95 0·80, 1·14 0·7a 0·04 26 1·11 0·85, 1·45 0·8 0·07 29 0·90 0·68, 1·18
High 4·4 0·13 35 3·5b 0·10 37 0·6b 0·06 24 0·8 0·06 30
White bread
Low 11·4 2·03 44 1·59 0·71, 3·56 13·9a,b 1·36 59 2·89*** 1·64, 5·10 6·8 0·30 23 0·88 0·64, 1·21 8·8 0·75 34 0·83 0·55, 1·27
Medium 8·9 0·34 34 1·01 0·80, 1·28 9·7a,c 0·21 42 1·50*** 1·26, 1·80 7·2 0·17 26 1·01 0·78, 1·32 7·2 0·36 34 0·81 0·62, 1·06
High 8·8 0·24 34 8·0b,c 0·21 32 7·3 0·31 25 7·0 0·27 39
Sugared beverages‡
Low 15·1 2·18 39 1·74 0·80, 3·77 22·5a,b 2·38 44 2·07* 1·19, 3·60 16·0a,b 0·59 45 2·74*** 2·02, 3·71 18·2a,b 1·26 55 2·38*** 1·60, 3·54
Medium 13·8c 0·54 34 1·20 0·94, 1·52 16·9a,c 0·39 37 1·53*** 1·28, 1·84 12·9a,c 0·29 32 1·52* 1·16, 1·97 14·1a,c 0·47 38 1·24 0·95, 1·60
High 11·8c 0·35 29 14·1b,c 0·37 28 11·2b,c 0·48 23 12·2b,c 0·27 33
Snacks and desserts
Low 11·0a,b 3·99 52 1·34 0·61, 2·95 9·2a,b 0·84 56 3·45*** 1·98, 6·03 11·5a,b 0·51 43 2·28*** 1·69, 3·08 6·3 0·48 34 1·26 0·83, 1·92
Medium 7·2a,c 0·38 38 1·17 0·92, 1·50 6·4a,c 0·18 38 1·65*** 1·38, 1·98 9·3a 0·25 33 1·44* 1·11, 1·85 5·9 0·28 37 1·44* 1·11, 1·88
High 6·1b,c 0·18 38 4·6b,c 0·13 27 8·1b 0·38 25 5·2 0·17 29
Chocolate- or nut-based spread
Low 1·6 0·41 55 3·92* 1·65, 9·32 3·2a,b 0·48 78 4·88*** 2·53, 9·42 3·0a,b 0·20 26 1·39 0·99, 1·94 1·5 0·19 55 1·29 0·66, 2·52
Medium 1·2c 0·13 34 1·62*** 1·26, 2·09 1·8a,c 0·08 53 1·52*** 1·28, 1·81 2·3a 0·08 23 1·20 0·90, 1·59 1·5 0·09 59 1·16 0·74, 1·79
High 0·7c 0·06 24 1·3b,c 0·06 43 1·9b 0·13 20 1·5 0·06 59

Reference group: high education.

Analysis of covariance model adjusted for gender, age and BMI category. Two-sided level of significance (P < 0·05): asignificant difference between low and medium; bsignificant difference between low and high; csignificant difference between medium and high.

OR and 95 % CI determined by logistic regression models. Variables included in the models were parental education, gender, age and BMI category. Two-sided level of significance: *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001.

†p refers to the proportion of participants assigned to the highest consumption category.

‡Includes soft drinks, fruit juices and sugared milk.