Table 1.
Main characteristics of the studies included in the present meta-analysis
| Study ID | Reference | Country | Time postpartum (months) | Definition of GWG | Definition of PPWR | Indices* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amorim (2007) | Amorim et al.( 11 ) | Sweden | 180 | Body weight in late pregnancy – pre-pregnancy body weight | Body weight after pregnancy – pre-pregnancy body weight | 1, 2 |
| Althuizen (2011) | Althuizen et al.( 25 ) | Netherlands | 24 | End-of-pregnancy weight – pre-pregnancy weight | Postpartum weight – pre-pregnancy weight | 3 |
| Begum (2012) | Begum et al.( 19 ) | Canada | 3 | Highest weight in pregnancy – pre-pregnancy body weight | Postpartum body weight – pre-pregnancy body weight | 1, 2 |
| Baker (2008) | Baker et al.( 17 ) | Denmark | 6, 18 | Self-reported | Current reported weight – pre-pregnancy weight | 2 |
| Huang (2010) | Huang et al.( 18 ) | Taiwan | 6 | Not defined | Not defined | 2 |
| Krause (2010) | Krause et al.( 12 ) | USA | 3, 6 | Not defined | Postpartum weight – pre-pregnancy body weight | 1, 2 |
| Kac (2004) | Kac et al.( 14 ) | Brazil | 2, 6, 9 | Self-reported: ‘How much weight did you gain during the last pregnancy?’ | Body weight after pregnancy – pre-pregnancy body weight | 1 |
| Koh (2013) | Koh et al.( 24 ) | Singapore | 6, 12, 24 | Final pregnancy weight – pre-pregnancy weight | Maternal weight – pre-pregnancy weight | 3 |
| Lowell (2010) | Lowell and Miller( 7 ) | Canada | 5–9 | Self-reported: ‘How much weight did you gain during your pregnancy?’ | Self-reported body weight after pregnancy – pre-pregnancy body weight | 1 |
| Mamum (2010) | Mamum et al.( 9 ) | Australia | 252 | Maximum weight in pregnancy – pre-pregnancy weight | Postpartum weight gain | 1 |
| Maddah (2009) | Maddah and Nikooyeh( 15 ) | Iran | 24, 36, 48 | Body weight at last antenatal visit – body weight at first antenatal visit | Body weight after pregnancy – pre-pregnancy body weight | 1, 2, 3 |
| Østbye (2010) | Østbye et al.( 13 ) | USA | 33·6 | Not defined | Not defined | 1, 2 |
| Oken (2009) | Oken et al.( 26 ) | USA | 12 | Last clinically measured weight recorded prior to delivery – pre-pregnancy weight | Weight at 12 months following delivery – pre-pregnancy weight | 3 |
| Rode (2011) | Rode et al.( 8 ) | Denmark | 24 | Body weight at 37 weeks’ gestation – pre-pregnancy weight | Body weight after pregnancy – pre-pregnancy body weight | 1, 2, 3 |
| Rothberg (2011) | Gould Rothberg et al.( 16 ) | USA | 1·5, 6, 12 | Not defined | Not defined | 2 |
| Scholl (1995) | Scholl et al.( 23 ) | USA | 1·5, 6 | Not defined | Measured postpartum weight – pregravid weight | 1 |
| Walker (2004) | Walker et al.( 10 ) | USA | 1·5 | End pregnancy body weight –pre-pregnancy body weight | Postpartum body weight – pre-pregnancy body weight | 1, 2 |
GWG, gestational weight gain; PPWR, postpartum weight retention.
*
1, PPWR of different GWG categories; 2, PPWR of different pre-pregnancy BMI groups; 3, OR of PPWR ≥5 kg between GWG above recommendation and GWG within recommendation.