Table 2.
Nutritional deficiencies and cardiometabolic risk factors according to income level and formal education* among adults (n 310) aged 25–60 years, northern district of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2010
| Income level | Formal education | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n 109) | Middle (n 103) | High (n 98) | None (n 125) | Elementary school (n 59) | High school & above (n 126) | |||||||||
| % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI | P | % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI | P | |
| Anaemia | 32·1 | 23·3, 40·9 | 19·4 | 11·8, 27·0 | 24·5 | 16·0, 33·0 | 0·101 | 31·2 | 23·2, 39·3 | 23·7 | 12·9, 34·5 | 20·6 | 13·6, 27·6 | 0·140 |
| Iron depletion | 15·7 | 8·9, 22·5 | 13·6 | 7·0, 20·2 | 16·8 | 9·4, 24· | 0·852 | 20·3 | 13·2, 27·4 | 13·6 | 4·9, 22·3 | 11·3 | 5·8, 16·8 | 0·131 |
| Vitamin A deficiency | 25·7a | 17·5, 33·9 | 6·9b | 2·1, 11·7 | 4·1b,c | 0·2, 8·0 | <0·001 | 21·1a | 13·9, 28·3 | 10·2a,b | 2·5, 17·9 | 5·6b,c | 1·6, 9·6 | 0·001 |
| Underweight | 11·0 | 5·2, 16·8 | 12·6 | 6·2, 19·0 | 5·1 | 0·8, 9·4 | 0·164 | 10·4 | 5·1, 15·7 | 11·9 | 3·7, 20·1 | 7·9 | 3·2, 12·6 | 0·658 |
| Overweight | 13·8a | 7·4, 20·2 | 12·6a,b | 6·2, 19·0 | 24·5c | 16·0, 33·0 | 0·045 | 20·0 | 13·0, 27·0 | 10·2 | 2·5, 17·9 | 16·7 | 10·2, 23·2 | 0·249 |
| Overall obesity | 5·5a | 1·2, 9·8 | 3·9a,b | 0·2, 7·6 | 13·3c | 6·6, 20·0 | 0·025 | 2·8a | 0·0, 5·6 | 8·5a,b | 1·4, 15·6 | 11·9b,c | 6·3, 17·5 | 0·010 |
| Abdominal obesity | 7·6a | 2·7, 12·5 | 8·8a,b | 3·4, 14·2 | 21·4c | 13·3, 29·5 | 0·003 | 9·8 | 4·6, 15·0 | 15·8 | 6·5, 25·1 | 13·6 | 7·7, 19·5 | 0·474 |
| Hypertension | 19·3 | 11·9, 26·7 | 21·4 | 13·5, 29·3 | 25·5 | 16·9, 34·1 | 0·542 | 23·2 | 15·8, 30·6 | 18·6 | 8·7, 28·5 | 22·2 | 15·0, 29·4 | 0·780 |
| Hyperglycaemia | 32·1a | 23·4, 40·8 | 24·3a,b | 16·1, 32·5 | 9·2c | 3·5, 14·9 | <0·001 | 27·2a | 19·4, 35·0 | 33·9a,b | 21·9, 45·9 | 11·9c | 6·3, 17·5 | <0·001 |
| Low HDL-C | 34·9 | 26·0, 43·8 | 31·1 | 22·2, 40 | 23·5 | 15·2, 31·8 | 0·192 | 32·8 | 24·6, 41·0 | 35·6 | 23·4, 47·8 | 24·6 | 17·1, 32·1 | 0·212 |
| High TC:HDL-C | 6·4 | 1·8, 11·0 | 4·9 | 0·8, 9·0 | 10·2 | 4·3, 16·1 | 0·313 | 7·2 | 2·7, 11·7 | 8·5 | 1·4, 15·6 | 6·3 | 2·1, 10·5 | 0·869 |
| Hypertriacylglycerolaemia | 0·0 | – | 1·9 | −0·7, 4·5 | 4·1 | 0·2, 8·0 | 0·101 | 1·6 | −0·5, 3·7 | 1·7 | −1·6, 5·0 | 2·4 | −0·2, 5·0 | 0·894 |
| Insulin resistance | 18·9 | 11·6, 26·2 | 27·7 | 19·1, 36·3 | 29·7 | 20·7, 38·7 | 0·172 | 23·2 | 15·8, 30·6 | 25·4 | 14·3, 36·5 | 27·0 | 19·3, 34·7 | 0·786 |
| MetS | 9·2 | 3·8, 14·6 | 7·8 | 2·7, 12·9 | 14·3 | 7·7, 21·2 | 0·280 | 12·0 | 6·3, 17·7 | 10·2 | 2·5, 17·9 | 8·7 | 3·8, 13·6 | 0·695 |
HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; TC:HDL-C, ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C; MetS, metabolic syndrome.
a,b,c
Values within a row (for income level and formal education separately) with unlike superscript letters were significantly different using the χ 2 test (P < 0·05).
*
This includes twenty-one participants with prior hypertension and two participants with prior diabetes.