. 2012 Jun 14;16(2):346–357. doi: 10.1017/S1368980012002601

Table 1.

Characteristics of case–control studies of coffee consumption and colorectal, colon and rectal cancer risk

First author (year)	Years of study	Country	No. of cases/controls	Type of control	OR	95 % CI	Coffee (‘highest’ v. ‘lowest/non’)	Adjustment factors
Higginson (1966)⁽ ⁴⁷ ⁾	Not indicated	USA	340 CRC (196 M, 144 F)/1020 CON (588 M, 432 F)	Hospital	CRC: 0·60	0·37, 0·97	‘≥3 cups/d’ v. ‘never or irregularly’	NR
Bjelke (1974)⁽ ⁴⁸ ⁾	1967–1968	Norway	169 CC/442 CON	Hospital	For M, CC: 0·60	0·39, 0·93	‘≥5 cups/d’ v. ‘<3 cups/d’	Age, sex
Macquart-Moulin (1986)⁽ ⁴⁹ ⁾	1979–1984	France	399 CRC (188 M, 211 F)/399 CON (188 M, 211 F)	Hospital	CRC: 0·55	0·32, 0·94	‘top quartile’ v. ‘bottom quartile’	Age, sex, energy, body weight
Jarebinski (1989)⁽ ³⁹ ⁾	1984–1986	Yugoslavia	98 RC/98 CON	Population	RC: 0·8	0·3, 2·2	‘>3 cups/d’ v. ‘none’	NR
Lee (1989)⁽ ⁵⁰ ⁾	1985–1987	Singapore	203 CRC (132 CC, 71 RC)/425 CON	Hospital	CRC: 0·72	0·46, 1·12	‘high’ v. ‘low’	Age, sex, dialect, occupation
					CC: 0·69	0·41, 1·17
					RC: 0·71	0·36, 1·38
Rosenberg (1989)⁽ ⁵¹ ⁾	1978–1986	USA	717 CC (313 M, 404 F), 538 RC (267 M, 271 F)/3883 CON	Hospital	For CC, M: 0·7	0·4, 1·2	‘≥ 5 cups/d’ v. ‘1 cup/d’	Age, sex, year of interview, education, race, religion, residence, smoking, alcohol
					For CC, F: 0·5	0·3, 0·8
					For RC, M: 1·5	0·8, 2·7
					For RC, F: 1·0	0·6, 1·7
Benito (1990)⁽ ⁴⁰ ⁾	1984–1988	Spain	286 CRC (151 M, 135 F)/295 CON (158 M, 137 F)	Population	CRC: 0·78	0·45, 1·35	‘highest’ v. ‘lowest’	Age, sex, weight 10 years prior to interview
Kato (1990)⁽ ³⁰ ⁾	1986–1990	Japan	221 CRC (130 CC, 89 RC, 2 CRC)/578 CON	Population	CC: 0·43	0·25, 0·73	‘daily’ v. ‘none’	Age, sex, region
					RC: 0·53	0·27, 1·03
Slattery (1990)⁽ ³⁴ ⁾	1979–1983	USA	231 CC (112 M, 119 F)/391 CON (185 M, 206 F)	Population	For CC, M: 2·2	1·2, 4·0	‘≥2·5 cups/d’ v. ‘none’	NR
					For CC, F: 0·9	0·5, 1·7
Hoshiyama (1993)⁽ ²⁰ ⁾	1984–1990	Japan	181 CRC (79 CC, 102 RC)/653 CON (343 M, 310 F)	Population	CC: 0·5	0·2, 1·0	‘highest’ v. ‘lowest’	For CC: age, sex alcohol, smoking status, salty food, seaweed, vegetables, meat; for RC: age, sex
					RC: 0·8	0·4, 1·4
Olsen (1993)⁽ ²⁶ ⁾	1986–1990	Denmark	49 CRC (21 M, 28 F)/362 CON (157 M, 205 F)	Population	CRC: 1·1	0·3, 3·6	‘≥8 cups/d’ v. ‘0–3 cups/d’	Age, sex, dietary fibre

Baron (1994)⁽ ⁴³ ⁾	1986–1988	Sweden	569 CRC (352 CC, 217 RC)/512 CON (236 M, 276 F)	Population	CRC: 0·60	0·36, 1·00	‘≥ 6 cups/d’ v. ‘0–1 cup/d	Age, sex, fat, fibre, BMI, exercise
					CC: 0·48	0·27, 0·86
					RC: 0·86	0·43, 1·73
Centonze (1994)⁽ ²⁹ ⁾	1987–1989	Italy	119 CRC (66 M, 53 F)/119 CON (64 M, 55 F)	Population	CRC: 0·48	0·22, 1·02	‘> 2 cups/d’ v. ‘0 cup/d’	Age, sex, level of education, smoking status, various dietary factors
Shannon (1996)⁽ ³³ ⁾	1985–1989	USA	424 CC (238 M, 186 F) 414 CON (224 M, 190 F)	Population	For CC, M: 1·21	0·70, 2·08	‘>4 servings/d’ v. ‘0 serving/d’	Age, total energy
					For CC, F: 1·04	0·55, 1·97
Tavani (1997)⁽ ¹⁵ ⁾	1985–1996	Italy	3530 CRC (2166 CC, 1364 RC)/7057 CON (3984 M, 3109 F)	Hospital	CC: 0·73	0·60, 0·89	‘≥4 cups/d’ v. ‘0 cup/d’	Age, region, education, BMI, smoking, number of meals, alcohol, meat, vegetables, fruit, energy
					RC: 1·00	0·78, 1·27
					CRC: 0·82	0·69, 0·96
Inoue (1998)⁽ ⁴⁶ ⁾	1990–1995	Japan	628 CRC (362 CC, 266 RC)/ 21128 CON (6307 M, 14821 F)	Hospital	CC: 0·87	0·56, 1·35	‘≥3 cups/d’ v. ‘rarely’	Sex, year and season at first hospital visit, smoking, PA, alcohol, tea, rice, fruit, meat
					RC: 0·46	0·26, 0·81
Munoz (1998)⁽ ⁴¹ ⁾	1993–1997	Argentina	190 CRC (146 CC, 44 RC)/393 CON (192 M, 201 F)	Hospital	CRC: 0·9	0·7, 1·3	‘≥1 cup/d’ v. ‘0 cup/d’	Age, sex, social class, BMI, mate and tea
Boutron-Ruault (1999)⁽ ⁴⁵ ⁾	1985–1990	France	171 CRC (106 CC, 65 RC)/309 CON (159 M, 150 F)	Population	CRC: 1·9	1·1, 3·4	‘>220 g coffee/d’ v. ‘0 g coffee/d’	Age, sex, energy
Levi (1999)⁽ ⁴⁴ ⁾	1992–1997	Switzerland	223 CRC (119 CC, 104 RC)/491 CON (211 M, 280 F)	Hospital	CRC: 0·44	0·26, 0·74	‘>21 servings/week’ v. ‘<7·5 servings/week’	Age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol, BMI, PA, meat, vegetables, total energy
Slattery (1999)⁽ ¹¹ ⁾	1991–1994	USA	1993 CC (1089 M, 904 F)/2410 CON (1284 M, 1126 F)	Population	CC: 0·88	0·68, 1·13	‘>6 servings/d’ v. ‘none’	Age, BMI, PA, total energy, sucrose, usual number of cigarettes smoked, alcohol
					M: 0·79	0·57, 1·09
					F: 1·02	0·78, 1·35
Woolcott (2002)⁽ ⁴² ⁾	1992–1994	Canada	1826 CRC (969 CC, 857 RC)/ 2089 CON (1322 M, 767 F)	Population	CC: 0·70	0·52, 0·94	‘≥5 cups/d’ v. ‘<1 cup/d’	Age, education level, BMI, Ca, fibre
					RC: 0·84	0·62, 1·14
Zhang (2002)⁽ ³⁸ ⁾	1996–1998	China	102 CRC (57 M, 45 F)/99 CON (55 M, 44 F)	Hospital	For CRC, M: 3·80	0·97, 14·96	‘current drinkers’ v. ‘non-drinkers’	NR
					For CRC, F: 0·50	0·14, 1·81
Yeh (2003)⁽ ²⁸ ⁾	1995–1999	China	727 CRC (352 CC, 375 RC)/736 CON (409 M, 327 F)	Hospital	For M, CC: 2·24	1·19, 4·21	‘yes’ v. ‘no’	For M: age, education, PA, smoking, alcohol, meat, vegetables, fruit, fish, shrimp; for F: age
					For M, RC: 2·72	1·57, 4·72
					For F, CC: 1·88	0·86, 4·10
					For F, RC: 1·03	0·41, 2·63
Murtaugh (2004)⁽ ³¹ ⁾	1997–2001	USA	952 RC (559 M, 393 F)/1205 CON (673 M, 532 F)	Population	For RC, M: 0·97	0·72, 1·31	For M, ‘>17·5 servings/week’ v. ‘never’; for F, ‘>14 servings/week’ v. ‘never’	Energy, fibre, Ca, PA, age
					For RC, F: 0·95	0·68, 1·33
Wei (2004)⁽ ³⁵ ⁾	1996–2000	USA	636 CC (331 M, 305 F)/1042 CON (515 M, 527 F)	Population	CC: 0·80	0·62, 1·03	‘5+ times/week’ v. ‘never’	NR

CRC, colorectal cancer; M, males; F, females; CON, control; CC, colon cancer; RC, rectal cancer; NR, not reported; PA, physical activity.