Table 3.
Estimated changes in daily total energy intake associated with a 1 % pairwise substitution in composition between carbohydrate, fat and protein intake by sex, race/ethnicity and body weight status: US adults aged 20 years and older (n 27 589), NHANES 1999–2010
| All | Caucasian | African American | Hispanic | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |||||||||
| Variable* | Mean | SE | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se |
| Normal weight | ||||||||||||||||
| P ↑ F ↓† | −268·2 | 50·6 | −177·4 | 23·8 | −270·3 | 73·2 | −175·7 | 29·7 | −286·2 | 131·0 | −199·6 | 100·8 | −265·3 | 114·2 | −229·3 | 59·0 |
| P ↓ F ↑‡ | 264·0 | 50·6 | 170·3 | 23·4 | 260·2 | 72·8 | 168·2 | 29·3 | 262·3 | 131·0 | 189·5 | 99·2 | 292·9 | 113·4 | 231·8 | 59·4 |
| P ↑ C ↓§ | −159·0 | 50·6 | −117·2 | 23·8 | −169·5 | 73·2 | −122·6 | 29·7 | −143·1 | 130·5 | −92·9 | 100·4 | −148·5 | 113·8 | −149·0 | 59·0 |
| P ↓ C ↑|| | 151·5 | 50·6 | 115·9 | 23·4 | 160·2 | 72·8 | 119·7 | 29·3 | 118·4 | 131·4 | 83·3 | 100·0 | 158·2 | 113·8 | 152·7 | 59·4 |
| C ↑ F ↓¶ | −115·1 | 50·6 | −59·0 | 23·8 | −105·9 | 73·2 | −52·7 | 29·7 | −148·1 | 131·4 | −107·5 | 100·4 | −127·6 | 114·2 | −80·8 | 59·4 |
| C ↓ F ↑** | 106·7 | 50·6 | 55·6 | 23·4 | 95·0 | 72·8 | 49·0 | 29·3 | 138·9 | 130·1 | 105·4 | 99·6 | 122·2 | 113·4 | 78·7 | 59·4 |
| Overweight | ||||||||||||||||
| P ↑ F ↓ | −289·5 | 37·7 | −188·7 | 25·1 | −315·5 | 55·2 | −176·1 | 34·3 | −285·8 | 110·9 | −200·0 | 82·8 | −236·0 | 65·7 | −214·2 | 48·1 |
| P ↓ F ↑ | 287·4 | 37·7 | 187·0 | 25·5 | 311·7 | 54·8 | 174·1 | 34·3 | 277·0 | 110·0 | 191·2 | 82·4 | 196·6 | 63·2 | 215·1 | 48·5 |
| P ↑ C ↓ | −183·3 | 37·2 | −128·9 | 25·1 | −215·5 | 55·2 | −126·8 | 34·3 | −163·6 | 110·5 | −121·3 | 82·8 | −95·4 | 64·9 | −144·3 | 48·1 |
| P ↓ C ↑ | 179·1 | 37·7 | 125·9 | 25·5 | 213·4 | 55·2 | 124·3 | 34·3 | 146·0 | 110·5 | 106·7 | 82·4 | 79·9 | 64·0 | 143·5 | 48·5 |
| C ↑ F ↓ | −110·5 | 37·7 | −63·2 | 25·5 | −101·7 | 55·2 | −52·7 | 34·7 | −131·4 | 110·9 | −86·6 | 82·8 | −133·9 | 65·3 | −72·8 | 48·5 |
| C ↓ F ↑ | 104·2 | 37·2 | 57·3 | 25·1 | 96·7 | 54·8 | 46·9 | 34·3 | 121·8 | 110·0 | 76·6 | 82·4 | 123·0 | 63·6 | 68·6 | 48·1 |
| Obese | ||||||||||||||||
| P ↑ F ↓ | −293·7 | 42·7 | −204·2 | 23·4 | −285·3 | 61·5 | −47·3 | 36·4 | −300·8 | 97·9 | −218·4 | 53·1 | −351·9 | 90·8 | −207·1 | 47·7 |
| P ↓ F ↑ | 282·8 | 42·7 | 200·0 | 23·0 | 280·3 | 61·5 | 46·0 | 36·0 | 265·7 | 95·0 | 210·0 | 51·9 | 351·9 | 90·8 | 196·2 | 47·7 |
| P ↑ C ↓ | −199·6 | 42·7 | −134·3 | 23·4 | −201·7 | 61·1 | −31·7 | 36·4 | −198·3 | 97·1 | −143·9 | 52·7 | −217·1 | 90·4 | −139·3 | 47·7 |
| P ↓ C ↑ | 195·4 | 42·7 | 131·0 | 23·0 | 197·9 | 61·5 | 30·7 | 36·0 | 193·7 | 95·8 | 146·0 | 52·3 | 214·2 | 91·6 | 131·0 | 48·1 |
| C ↑ F ↓ | −94·6 | 42·7 | −71·5 | 23·4 | −86·2 | 61·5 | −15·8 | 36·4 | −94·1 | 97·1 | −72·8 | 52·7 | −143·1 | 91·6 | −69·5 | 48·1 |
| C ↓ F ↑ | 86·2 | 42·3 | 66·9 | 23·0 | 79·9 | 61·5 | 15·2 | 36·0 | 80·3 | 95·4 | 65·7 | 52·3 | 129·7 | 90·4 | 63·6 | 47·3 |
NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Changes in daily total energy intake were estimated using Scheffé linear mixture models, accounting for NHANES 1999–2010 multiyear complex survey design.
P ↑ F ↓ denotes a 1 % increase in the percentage of energy from protein substituted for a 1 % decrease in the percentage of energy from fat.
P ↓ F ↑ denotes a 1 % decrease in the percentage of energy from protein substituted for a 1 % increase in the percentage of energy from fat.
P ↑ C ↓ denotes a 1 % increase in the percentage of energy from protein substituted for a 1 % decrease in the percentage of energy from carbohsydrate.
P ↓ C ↑ denotes a 1 % decrease in the percentage of energy from protein substituted for a 1 % increase in the percentage of energy from carbohydrate.
C ↑ F ↓ denotes a 1 % increase in the percentage of energy from carbohydrate substituted for a 1 % decrease in the percentage of energy from fat.
C ↓ F ↑ denotes a 1 % decrease in the percentage of energy from carbohydrate substituted for a 1 % increase in the percentage of energy from fat.