Table 1.
Characteristics of the vertically HIV-infected children and adolescents under HAART (n 115), São Paulo, Brazil, August–December 2007
| Characteristic | n | % | Mean | sd |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 11·8 | 2·9 | ||
| 6–9 | 26 | 22·6 | ||
| 10–19 | 89 | 77·4 | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 55 | 47·8 | ||
| Female | 60 | 52·2 | ||
| Per capita income (Brazilian minimum wage*) | 1·2 | 1·5 | ||
| <1 | 74 | 64·4 | ||
| ≥1 | 41 | 35·6 | ||
| Pubertal stage† | ||||
| Initial (Tanner I and II) | 67 | 58·8 | ||
| Intermediate/advanced (Tanner III, IV and V) | 47 | 41·2 | ||
| Antiretroviral therapy adopted | ||||
| PI users | 64 | 55·7 | ||
| PI non-users | 51 | 44·3 | ||
| Degree of immunodeficiency (CD4 cells/mm3)‡ | 571·3 | 355·5 | ||
| Without suppression (≥500) | 55 | 47·8 | ||
| Slight suppression (≥350 and <500) | 28 | 24·4 | ||
| Moderate/severe suppression (<350) | 32 | 27·8 | ||
| Viral load (copies/mm3) | 26 207·9 | 65107·6 | ||
| BMI-for-age (Z-score)§ | −0·072 | 1·015 | ||
| Underweight | 4 | 3·5 | ||
| Normal weight | 93 | 80·9 | ||
| Overweight | 18 | 15·6 | ||
| Height-for-age (Z-score)§ | −1·006 | 1·194 | ||
| Normal | 91 | 79·1 | ||
| Low | 24 | 20·9 | ||
| Waist circumference-for-age (percentile)|| | ||||
| Normal | 112 | 97·4 | ||
| Obesity | 3 | 2·6 | ||
| Neck circumference-for-age (percentile)¶ | ||||
| Low risk of overweight | 109 | 94·8 | ||
| High risk of overweight | 6 | 5·2 | ||
| Triceps skinfold thickness (percentile)** | ||||
| <5 (depletion of adipose tissue) | 39 | 33·9 | ||
| ≥5 and <95 (normal) | 76 | 66·1 | ||
| ≥95 (obesity) | 0 | 0·0 | ||
HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy.
*
1 minimum wage (Brazilian Real)=US$ 172 at the time of the study.
†
n 114; pubertal stage self-assessed with drawings( 15 ).
‡
WHO guidelines for the paediatric population( 13 ).
§
WHO( 19 ) cut-off points.
||
Percentiles recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention( 21 ) categorized waist circumference; percentile>75th identified abdominal obesity( 22 ).
¶
Age- and sex-specific cut-off values of Nafiu et al.( 23 ).
**
Categorized into percentiles according to Frisancho( 20 ).