Table 2.
Nutritional and clinical characteristics of the vertically HIV-infected children and adolescents under HAART, according to pattern of PI use (n 115), São Paulo, Brazil, August–December 2007
| PI users (n 64) | PI non-users (n 51) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n | % | Mean | sd | n | % | Mean | sd | P |
| Age group* | 11·75 | 2·94 | 11·88 | 2·89 | 0·81** | ||||
| Children | 17 | 26·6 | 9 | 17·6 | |||||
| Adolescents | 47 | 73·4 | 42 | 82·4 | 0·26†† | ||||
| Gender | 0·60†† | ||||||||
| Male | 32 | 50·0 | 23 | 45·1 | |||||
| Female | 32 | 50·0 | 28 | 54·9 | |||||
| HAART exposure (months) | 109·9 | 28·8 | 99·7 | 41·7 | 0·12‡‡ | ||||
| CD4 (cells/mm3) | 569·3 | 387·7 | 556·4 | 308·2 | 0·85‡‡ | ||||
| Viral load (copies/mm3) | 37 529·0 | 84 945·8 | 12 001·0 | 14 251·4 | 0·88‡‡ | ||||
| Pubertal stage† | 0·70†† | ||||||||
| Initial (Tanner I and II) | 36 | 57·1 | 31 | 60·8 | |||||
| Intermediate/advanced (Tanner III, IV and V) | 27 | 42·9 | 20 | 39·2 | |||||
| BMI-for-age (Z-score)‡ | −0·224 | 1·046 | 0·118 | 0·953 | 0·07** | ||||
| Underweight | 3 | 4·7 | 1 | 2·0 | 0·45†† | ||||
| Normal weight | 53 | 82·8 | 40 | 78·4 | |||||
| Overweight | 8 | 12·5 | 10 | 19·6 | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 17·8 | 2·7 | 18·8 | 2·8 | 0·03‡‡ | ||||
| Height–for-age (Z-score)‡ | −1·227 | 1·103 | −0·730 | 1·257 | 0·03** | ||||
| Normal | 46 | 71·9 | 45 | 88·2 | 0·03†† | ||||
| Stunted | 18 | 28·1 | 6 | 11·8 | |||||
| Waist circumference-for-age (percentile)§ | 0·43†† | ||||||||
| Normal | 63 | 98·4 | 49 | 96·1 | |||||
| Obesity | 1 | 1·6 | 2 | 3·9 | |||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 64·9 | 7·3 | 67·4 | 8·4 | 0·09‡‡ | ||||
| Neck circumference-for-age (percentile)|| | 0·77†† | ||||||||
| Low risk of overweight | 61 | 95·3 | 48 | 94·1 | |||||
| High risk of overweight | 3 | 4·7 | 3 | 5·9 | |||||
| Neck circumference (cm) | 29·0 | 2·4 | 29·3 | 3·2 | 0·80‡‡ | ||||
| Triceps skinfold thickness (percentile) | 0·09†† | ||||||||
| <5 (depletion of adipose tissue) | 26 | 40·6 | 13 | 25·5 | |||||
| ≥5 and <95 (normal) | 38 | 59·4 | 38 | 74·5 | |||||
| ≥95 (obesity) | 0 | 0·0 | 0 | 0·0 | |||||
| Triceps skinfold thickness (mm) | 9·3 | 4·4 | 10·3 | 4·8 | 0·22‡‡ | ||||
| Upper-arm fat area (mm2) | 919·0 | 520·5 | 1074·5 | 605·5 | 0·11‡‡ | ||||
| Upper-arm muscle area (mm2) | 2548·0 | 674·2 | 2780·2 | 781·8 | 0·08‡‡ | ||||
| Body fat (%) | 18·5 | 6·0 | 20·6 | 5·6 | 0·05** | ||||
HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; PI, protease inhibitors.
*
WHO definition of childhood and adolescence( 14 ).
†
Pubertal stage self-assessed with drawings( 15 ).
‡
WHO( 19 ) cut-off points.
§
Percentiles recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention( 21 ) categorized waist circumference; percentile>75th identified abdominal obesity( 22 ).
||
Age- and sex-specific cut-off values of Nafiu et al.( 23 ).
¶
Categorized into percentiles according to Frisancho( 20 ).
**
From t test.
††
From χ 2 text.
‡‡
From Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann–Whitney).