Table 3.
Micronutrient requirements, usual micronutrient intakes*, prevalence of adequacy and MPA in lactating women (n 466) aged 17–44 years, Bhaktapur municipality, Nepal, January 2008–February 2009
| Requirements† | Usual intake according to BLUP‡ | Prevalence of adequacy (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EAR | sd | Mean | sd | Median | Mean | sd | |
| Thiamin (mg/d) | 1·2 | 0·12 | 0·78 | 0·23 | 0·78 | 5 | 0·8 |
| Riboflavin (mg/d) | 1·3 | 0·13 | 0·62 | 0·18 | 0·59 | 1 | 0·3 |
| Niacin (mg/d) | 13·0 | 1·95 | 11·40 | 3·34 | 11·10 | 31 | 1·6 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 1·7 | 0·17 | 1·45 | 0·37 | 1·44 | 26·7 | 1·6 |
| Folate (µg/d) | 450 | 45 | 163·8 | 70·0 | 147·9 | 0·3 | 0·2 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/d) | 2·4 | 0·24 | 0·49 | 0·53 | 0·31 | 1 | 0·3 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 55·0 | 5·5 | 60·0 | 27·6 | 46·3 | 36 | 2·0 |
| Vitamin A (RE/d) | 450 | 90 | 188·9 | 220·2 | 104·4 | 11 | 1·3 |
| Ca (mg/d) | 800 | 100 | 430·0 | 203·8 | 390·8 | 6·6 | 1·0 |
| Fe (mg/d)§ | 23·4 | 7·02 | 17·4 | 8·6 | 15·2 | 28 | 1·4 |
| Zn (mg/d) | 7·0 | 0·88 | 7·80 | 1·60 | 7·63 | 66 | 1·6 |
| MPA across 11 micronutrients|| | 0·19 | 0·16 | |||||
| Median | 0·15 | ||||||
MPA, mean probability of adequacy; EAR, Estimated Average Requirement; RE, retinol equivalent.
The mean is the overall mean of each individual’s usual intake based on 3 d recall.
The EAR are for lactating women; the EAR for vitamins A, C, B6 and B12, folate, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and Fe were from WHO/FAO 2004( 4 ). For Ca, the Institute of Medicine EAR from 2011 was used( 24 ). For Zn, the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group EAR for a mixed or refined diet was used assuming 44 % bioavailability( 25 ). The sd of requirements was calculated using the CV of requirements and the EAR; the CV were 12·5 % for Zn( 25 ), 20 % for vitamin A, 15 % for niacin, 10 % for vitamins C, B6, B12, thiamin, riboflavin, folate( 28 ) and Ca( 24 ), and 30 % for Fe( 20 ).
Best linear unbiased predictor( 21 ).
Assuming 5 % bioavailability.
The mean probability of adequacy is the average of the probability of adequacy of the eleven micronutrients.