Table 3.

Accuracy of young children’s perceptions of foods’ fruit content based on food advertising elements (n 49)

	Foods containing real fruit*		Foods containing sham fruit*
Food advertising elements	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	P †
Neither fruit name‡ nor fruit image§	81a	34	42a	41	<0·0001
Fruit name but no fruit image	72b	41	42a	40	0·0017
Fruit image but no fruit name	89c	26	28b	32	<0·0001
Both fruit name and fruit image	90c	23	17c	30	<0·0001
All elements combined (total score)	83	21	33	27	<0·0001

^a,b,cMean values within a column with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P<0·01) as determined by χ ² test.

^*Real fruit foods were composed primarily of fruit or 100 % fruit juice (>90 % by weight); sham fruit foods contained no real fruit, but contain artificial fruit flavours. Possible score range=0 to 100; higher scores indicate greater accuracy with regard to whether fruit was used to make the product.

^†Probability of significant differences between real fruit and sham fruit foods as determined by two-sample unequal-variance t test.

^‡Verbal reference included the word fruit(y), juice (juicy) or specific fruit name(s).

^§Advertisement included one or more images (i.e. drawings, photographs and/or video) of fruit.