Table 2.
Description of studies on SSB intake and associations with vascular risk factors
| Reference (authors and date) | Study design | Data set used and country | Gender | No. of participants analysed | Exposure† | Dietary data collection method(s) | Outcome(s) | Follow-up | Results: association‡ and RR/HR/OR (95 % CI) | Quality | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypertension/high BP | Duffey et al. (2010)( 20 ) | Prospective | CARDIA, USA | M+F | n 2774 | Baseline SSB | FFQ+DH | BP | 20 years | + * (RR 1·06 (1·01, 1·12)) (from one quartile to the next) | A | |
| Cohen et al. (2012)( 21 ) | Prospective | NHS I and II and HPFS, USA | M+F | NHS I: n 88 540 NHS II: n 97 991 HPFS: n 37 360 | Baseline SSB | FFQ | High BP | NHS I: 38 years NHS II: 16 years HPFS: 22 years | + (HR 1·13 (1·09, 1·17)) (daily intake v. never) | A | ||
| Dhingra et al. (2007)( 22 ) | Prospective | Framingham Offspring Study, USA | M+F | n 6039 | Baseline SSB | FFQ | BP | 4 years | × (OR 1·18 (0·96, 1·44)) (daily intake v. never) | B | ||
| Chen et al. (2010)( 23 ) | Prospective | PREMIER (intervention) study), USA | M+F | n 810 | Change in SSB | 24 h recall | BP | 18 months | + * (decrease of 0·7 (0·12, 1·25) mmHg in SBP and 0·4 (0·02, 0·75) mmHg in DBP) (decrease of 1 SSB/d) | A | ||
| Baseline SSB | + (DBP; P=0·01) × (SBP; P=0·57) | |||||||||||
| Barrio-Lopez et al. (2013)( 25 ) | Prospective | SUN cohort, Spain | M+F | n 8157 | Change in SSB | FFQ | BP | 6–8 years | + ** (OR 1·6 (1·3, 2·1)) (highest v. lowest quintile) | A | ||
| Baseline SSB | × (P>0·05) | |||||||||||
| Mærsk et al. (2012)( 24 ) | RCT | N/A, Denmark | M+F | n 47 | Intervention | Control/comparison group | 7 d dietary record | BP | 6 months | × (P>0·05) (% change from baseline to 6 months SSB v. milk, diet cola, water (data not shown)) | A | |
| Consumption of 1 litre SSB/d | Consumption of 1 litre/d of (i) ASB (ii) milk (iii) water | |||||||||||
| TAG | Duffey et al. (2010)( 20 ) | Prospective | CARDIA, USA | M+F | n 2774 | Baseline SSB | FFQ+DH | TAG | 20 years | + * (RR 1·06 (1·01, 1·13; P<0·05)) (one quartile to the next) | A | |
| Dhingra et al. (2007)( 22 ) | Prospective | Framingham Offspring Study, USA | M+F | n 6039 | Baseline SSB | FFQ | Hypertriacylglycerolaemia | 4 years | + (OR 1·25 (1·04, 1·51)) (≥1 SSB/d) | B | ||
| Barrio-Lopez et al. (2013)( 25 ) | Prospective | SUN cohort, Spain | M+F | n 8157 | Change in SSB | FFQ | Hypertriacylglycerolaemia | 6–8 years | + * (OR 1·7 (1·1, 2·6)) (highest v. lowest quintile) | A | ||
| Baseline SSB | × (P>0·05) | |||||||||||
| Mærsk et al. (2012)( 24 ) | RCT | N/A, Denmark | M+F | n 47 | Intervention | Control/comparison group | 7 d dietary record | TAG | 6 months | + * (% change (SD) from baseline to 6 months: SSB 32·7 (8·6) v. milk | A | |
| Consumption of 1 litre SSB/d | Consumption of 1 litre/d of (i) ASB (ii) milk (iii) water | −0·301(8·1), diet cola −14·1(8·1), water −14·2(7·7); P=0·001) | ||||||||||
| Cholesterol | Duffey et al. (2010)( 20 ) | Prospective | CARDIA, USA | M+F | n 2774 | Baseline SSB | FFQ+DH | HDL-C, LDL-C | 20 years | + * (high LDL-C (RR 1·18 (1·02, 1·36; P<0·05), low HDL-C (RR 1·06 (1·02, 1·10; P<0·05)) (one quartile to the next) | A | |
| Dhingra et al. (2007)( 22 ) | Prospective | Framingham Offspring Study, USA | M+F | n 6039 | Baseline SSB | FFQ | LDL-C | 4 years | + (OR 1·32 (1·06, 1·64)) (≥1 SSB/d) | B | ||
| Barrio-Lopez et al. (2013)( 25 ) | Prospective | SUN cohort, Spain | M+F | n 8157 | Change in SSB | FFQ | HDL-C | 6–8 years | × (OR 1·0 (0·7, 1·6)) (highest v. lowest quintile) | A | ||
| Baseline SSB | × (P>0·05) | |||||||||||
| Mærsk et al. (2012)( 24 ) | RCT | N/A, Denmark | M+F | n 47 | Intervention | Control/comparison group | 7 d dietary record | Cholesterol | 6 months | + (total cholesterol) * (% change (SD) from baseline to 6 months: | A | |
| Consumption of 1 litre SSB/d | Consumption of 1 litre/d of (i) ASB (ii) milk (iii) water | SSB 11·4 (3·2) v. milk 0·634(3·0), diet cola −5·89(3·0), water −0·159(2·8); P=0·004) | ||||||||||
| Blood sugar | Dhingra et al. (2007)( 22 ) | Prospective | Framingham Offspring Study, USA | M+F | n 6039 | Baseline SSB | FFQ | FBG | 4 years | + (OR 1·25 (1·05, 1·48)) | B | |
| Duffey et al. (2010)( 20 ) | Prospective | CARDIA, USA | M+F | n 2774 | Baseline SSB | FFQ+DH | FBG | 20 years | × (RR 1·03 (0·95, 1·12)) | A | ||
| Barrio-Lopez et al. (2013)( 25 ) | Prospective | SUN cohort, Spain | M+F | n 8157 | Change in SSB | FFQ | FBG | 6–8 years | + * (OR 1·6 (1·1, 2·2)) (highest v. lowest quintile) | A | ||
| Baseline SSB | × (P>0·05) | |||||||||||
SSB, sugar-sweetened beverages; RR, relative risk; HR, hazard ratio; BP, blood pressure; RCT, randomised controlled trial; CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; SUN, Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (University of Navarra Follow-up); N/A, not applicable; M, male; F, female; ASB, artificially sweetened beverages; DH, diet history; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; LDL-C, LDL cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; SDP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.
*P<0·05, **P<0·01.
†
SSB included drinks sweetened with sugar; artificially sweetened beverages and 100 % fruit juice were not included.
‡
+, direct association; ×, no association.