Table 2.

Associations between food insecurity and caregiver characteristics, food consumption practices and reported challenges among participants from four Southwestern American-Indian reservation communities, 2010 (n 425)

	Food insecurity outcomes
	Adult food insecurity		Child food insecurity
Caregiver characteristic	RR	95 % CI	RR	95 % CI
Sex of respondent
Male	1·00	Ref.	1·00	Ref.
Female	0·88	0·68, 1·14	0·87	0·60, 1·27
Responsible for purchasing food for household (v. not)	1·05	0·81, 1·36	1·01	0·70, 1·43
Respondent type
Parent	1·00	Ref.	1·00	Ref.
Grandparent	1·34	0·96, 1·88	1·50	0·92, 2·43
Other relative	1·04	0·55, 1·96	1·29	0·59, 2·84
Age group
<25 years	1·00	Ref.	1·00	Ref.
25–34 years	1·24	0·87, 1·77	1·16	0·68, 1·98
35–44 years	1·61**	1·16, 2·24	2·13**	1·33, 3·40
≥45 years	1·80***	1·31, 2·47	2·19***	1·38, 3·46
Number of children
1	1·00	Ref.	1·00	Ref.
2 or 3	1·48*	1·03, 2·12	1·25	0·78, 2·00
≥4	1·73**	1·19, 2·50	1·73*	1·08, 2·78
Food consumption practices
Visited grocery store >1 time in past month (v. ≤1 time)	0·92	0·71, 1·19	0·69*	0·48, 0·98
Ever been to food bank/food pantry (v. not)	1·08	0·88, 1·34	1·24	0·92, 1·68
Consumed food from gas station/convenience store ≥1 time in past week (v. not)	1·06	0·84, 1·32	0·91	0·66, 1·26
Consumed food from fast-food restaurant ≥1 time in past week (v. not)	0·90	0·72, 1·13	0·93	0·68, 1·28
Challenges and decision-making factors (v. not)
Transportation barriers (i.e. have no transport)	1·46***	1·19, 1·79	1·14	0·83, 1·55
Cost of food is major barrier	1·47***	1·18, 1·82	1·65***	1·21, 2·24
Time required to prepare food is a major factor	1·15	0·91, 1·44	1·18	0·85, 1·64

RR, relative risk; Ref., referent category.

*P < 0·05, **P < 0·01, ***P < 0·001.