Table 3.
Mean energy intake (kJ/d; kcal/d) and consumption of food groups and food subgroups (g/d)* by adult participants (n 1918†) living in either food-insecure (FI) households or food-secure households (FS1 to FS4), Étude Individuelle et Nationale des Consommations Alimentaires (INCA2), France, 2006–2007
| FI (n 239) | FS1 (n 368) | FS2 (n 379) | FS3 (n 475) | FS4 (n 457) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | P ‡ | P trend‡ | |
| Energy intake (non-alcoholic) (kJ/d) | 9164 | 146 | 9084 | 105 | 8840 | 107 | 9350 | 98 | 9089 | 99 | 0·038 | 0·833 |
| Energy intake (non-alcoholic) (kcal/d) | 2190·2 | 34·9 | 2171·1 | 25·2 | 2112·9 | 25·6 | 2234·7 | 23·4 | 2172·3 | 23·6 | 0·038 | 0·833 |
| Fruit and vegetables | 338·7 | 15·2 | 405·0 | 11·0 | 429·6 | 11·1 | 439·8 | 10·2 | 455·3 | 10·3 | <0·001 | <0·001 |
| Vegetables | 121·7 | 5·6 | 126·6 | 4·1 | 143·8 | 4·1 | 139·6 | 3·8 | 147·3 | 3·8 | <0·001 | <0·001 |
| Fresh fruit | 117·0 | 9·1 | 127·0 | 6·6 | 134·0 | 6·6 | 145·1 | 6·1 | 166·1 | 6·1 | 0·003 | <0·001 |
| Processed fruit or juice | 38·3 | 6·5 | 72·6 | 4·7 | 69·9 | 4·8 | 81·5 | 4·4 | 72·7 | 4·4 | <0·001 | <0·001 |
| Dried fruit | 1·9 | 0·4 | 1·9 | 0·3 | 1·8 | 0·3 | 1·8 | 0·3 | 2·3 | 0·3 | 0·602 | |
| Soup | 59·8 | 7·6 | 76·9 | 5·5 | 80·2 | 5·6 | 71·8 | 5·1 | 66·9 | 5·2 | 0·094 | |
| Starchy foods | 247·3 | 6·6 | 273·7 | 4·8 | 254·1 | 4·8 | 236·7 | 4·4 | 227·3 | 0·5 | <0·001 | <0·001 |
| Refined grains | 167·1 | 5·5 | 181·4 | 4·0 | 171·9 | 4·1 | 152·5 | 3·7 | 152·1 | 3·8 | <0·001 | <0·001 |
| Unrefined starches§ | 76·3 | 3·9 | 87·2 | 2·8 | 78·8 | 2·9 | 78·0 | 2·6 | 70·3 | 2·7 | 0·010 | 0·046 |
| Breakfast cereals | 3·9 | 1·1 | 5·1 | 0·8 | 3·5 | 0·8 | 6·2 | 0·8 | 4·9 | 0·8 | 0·214 | |
| Dairy products | 179·6 | 11·4 | 181·0 | 8·3 | 194·1 | 8·4 | 216·6 | 7·7 | 193·5 | 7·8 | 0·160 | |
| Milk and fresh dairy products | 146·7 | 11·5 | 148·4 | 8·3 | 163·0 | 8·4 | 184·3 | 7·7 | 159·1 | 7·8 | 0·149 | |
| Cheese | 32·8 | 1·8 | 32·6 | 1·3 | 31·1 | 1·3 | 32·3 | 1·2 | 34·3 | 1·2 | 0·639 | |
| Meat, poultry, fish, eggs | 154·3 | 4·2 | 166·7 | 3·1 | 165·7 | 3·1 | 160·6 | 2·9 | 158·0 | 2·9 | 0·192 | |
| Meat and poultry | 114·7 | 3·9 | 123·4 | 2·8 | 121·5 | 2·8 | 113·2 | 2·6 | 111·6 | 2·6 | 0·067 | |
| Fish | 23·4 | 2·0 | 27·9 | 1·4 | 28·1 | 1·4 | 31·1 | 1·3 | 33·6 | 1·3 | <0·001 | <0·001 |
| Eggs | 16·1 | 1·2 | 15·4 | 0·9 | 16·1 | 0·9 | 16·3 | 0·8 | 12·9 | 0·8 | 0·036 | 0·110 |
| Mixed dishes and salted snacks|| | 126·7 | 6·1 | 123·5 | 4·4 | 119·3 | 4·5 | 121·7 | 4·1 | 116·6 | 4·1 | 0·753 | |
| Mixed dishes | 68·1 | 4·9 | 73·9 | 3·6 | 74·6 | 3·6 | 69·5 | 3·3 | 63·9 | 3·3 | 0·371 | |
| Salted snacks | 58·6 | 3·5 | 49·6 | 2·5 | 44·8 | 2·6 | 52·2 | 2·4 | 52·7 | 2·4 | 0·046 | 0·432 |
| Sweet foods and drinks | 208·2 | 12·2 | 204·3 | 8·8 | 166·0 | 9·0 | 171·6 | 8·2 | 159·3 | 8·3 | 0·002 | <0·001 |
| Soft drinks | 90·3 | 11·2 | 102·0 | 8·1 | 51·5 | 8·2 | 53·8 | 7·6 | 45·9 | 7·6 | <0·001 | <0·001 |
| Desserts | 64·1 | 3·9 | 56·6 | 2·8 | 65·6 | 2·8 | 69·8 | 2·6 | 62·9 | 2·6 | 0·054 | |
| Sweets | 36·2 | 2·1 | 31·0 | 1·5 | 29·4 | 1·5 | 30·8 | 1·4 | 35·5 | 1·4 | 0·005 | 0·801 |
| Pastries | 17·5 | 1·7 | 14·7 | 1·3 | 19·6 | 1·3 | 17·2 | 1·2 | 15·0 | 1·2 | 0·207 | |
| Added fats | 46·0 | 1·5 | 45·0 | 1·1 | 44·9 | 1·1 | 44·3 | 1·0 | 44·7 | 1·0 | 0·979 | |
| Vegetable fats | 22·7 | 1·1 | 23·2 | 0·8 | 22·7 | 0·8 | 22·9 | 0·7 | 22·8 | 0·7 | 0·995 | |
| Animal fats | 14·6 | 0·9 | 13·0 | 0·7 | 14·0 | 0·7 | 13·3 | 0·6 | 13·4 | 0·6 | 0·764 | |
| Sauces, spices | 8·8 | 0·8 | 8·9 | 0·6 | 8·2 | 0·6 | 8·1 | 0·5 | 8·5 | 0·5 | 0·944 | |
| Water | 739·8 | 39·7 | 743·4 | 28·8 | 796·3 | 29·2 | 808·5 | 26·7 | 789·8 | 26·9 | 0·416 | |
| Non-alcoholic beverages¶ | 452·7 | 23·1 | 367·0 | 16·7 | 354·4 | 17·0 | 377·4 | 15·6 | 427·1 | 15·7 | <0·001 | 0·659 |
| Alcoholic beverages | 137·9 | 13·2 | 127·5 | 9·6 | 149·1 | 9·7 | 161·0 | 8·9 | 183·0 | 9·0 | 0·035 | 0·003 |
| Other** | 10·5 | 3·2 | 8·2 | 2·3 | 9·0 | 2·4 | 7·1 | 2·2 | 13·5 | 2·2 | 0·481 | 0·608 |
Means are adjusted for age, gender and energy intake (except means of energy intake, adjusted for age and gender only).
Under-reporters for energy intakes were excluded from these analyses.
Statistical significance of the differences among the five categories of individuals (FI, FS1 to FS4) using ANOVA; and test for linear trend (analysis of contrasts) when significant differences were found among the five categories.
Includes unrefined grains, legumes and potatoes.
Mixed dishes include home-made dishes, out-of-home consumption and ready-made dishes purchased in stores.
Include light soft drinks and hot drinks but not sugary drinks.
For example meal replacements, aspartame sweetener, brewer’s yeast, tofu, shortcrust baked pastry, flaky cooked pastry.