Table 2.
Health behaviour and psychological well-being characteristics of the sample according to gestational weight gain: prospective cohort of pregnant women (n 799), recruited in March–May 2011 at the National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| Variable | Sample (%) | Mean GWG (kg) | Inadequate GWG (%) | Adequate GWG (%) | Excessive GWG (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total daily energy intake | |||||
| T1 (low) | 34·4 | 15·5 | 9·8 | 27·6 | 62·5 |
| T2 (medium)† | 32·7 | 15·8 | 12·3 | 26·8 | 60·9 |
| T3 (high) | 32·3 | 16·3 | 7·4 | 28·3 | 64·3 |
| Unknown | 0·6 | ||||
| Changes in amount of food eaten since pregnant | |||||
| A lot less | 7·3 | 12·8* | 17·2 | 29·3 | 53·4 |
| A little less | 15·1 | 14·0* | 11·6 | 29·8 | 58·7 |
| Same† | 24·0 | 15·2 | 13·5 | 29·2 | 57·3 |
| A little more | 42·8 | 16·9* | 7·9* | 26·6 | 65·5 |
| A lot more | 10·4 | 18·0* | 3·6* | 22·9 | 73·5* |
| Unknown | 0·4 | ||||
| Takeaway consumption in pregnancy | |||||
| Once weekly or less† | 94·9 | 15·8 | 10·2 | 27·7 | 62·1 |
| More than once weekly | 5·1 | 17·4 | 7·3 | 24·4 | 68·3 |
| Fried food consumption per week in pregnancy | |||||
| 0–3† | 92·5 | 15·8 | 10·3 | 27·2 | 62·5 |
| 4+ | 7·0 | 16·0 | 7·1 | 33·9 | 58·9 |
| Unknown | 0·5 | ||||
| Number of snacks per day in pregnancy | |||||
| 0–2† | 79·5 | 15·7 | 9·4 | 28·8 | 61·7 |
| 3+ | 20·5 | 16·6 | 12·2 | 22·6 | 65·2 |
| Alcohol use in pregnancy | |||||
| Yes† | 18·9 | 15·3 | 11·9 | 31·1 | 57·0 |
| No | 81·1 | 16·0 | 9·6 | 26·7 | 63·7 |
| Change in physical activity since pregnant | |||||
| A lot less active | 18·1 | 16·4 | 10·3 | 28·3 | 61·4 |
| A little less active | 39·7 | 16·1 | 8·8 | 28·4 | 62·8 |
| Same† | 37·5 | 15·4 | 11·3 | 26·0 | 62·7 |
| A little more active | 3·6 | 16·4 | 3·4 | 31·0 | 65·5 |
| A lot more active | 0·4 | 12·6 | 0·0 | 33·3 | 66·7 |
| Unknown | 0·6 | ||||
| Hours of sleep per night | |||||
| <7 | 13·9 | 15·3 | 15·3* | 27·0 | 57·7 |
| ≥7† | 85·5 | 16·0 | 8·9 | 27·5 | 63·5 |
| Unknown | 0·1 | ||||
| Smoking status in pregnancy | |||||
| Current smoker | 7·0 | 13·7* | 16·1 | 30·4 | 53·6 |
| Former | 19·4 | 17·0* | 9·7 | 20·6 | 69·7 |
| Non-smoker† | 73·5 | 15·8 | 9·5 | 29·1 | 61·3 |
| Unknown | 0·1 | ||||
| Leisure-time physical activity | |||||
| T1 (low) | 32·9 | 15·2 | 11·5 | 26·8 | 61·7 |
| T2 (moderate)† | 35·5 | 16·1 | 8·9 | 28·9 | 62·1 |
| T3 (high) | 31·3 | 16·2 | 9·5 | 26·6 | 63·9 |
| Unknown | 0·3 | ||||
| Antenatal depression | |||||
| EPDS>12 | 14·5 | 15·2 | 10·3 | 35·3 | 54·3 |
| EPDS≤12† | 85·5 | 16·0 | 10·0 | 26·2 | 63·8 |
| Stress | |||||
| T1 (low) | 34·7 | 16·2 | 11·6 | 23·1 | 65·3 |
| T2 (moderate)† | 30·8 | 15·8 | 7·3 | 29·7 | 63·0 |
| T3 (high) | 34·5 | 15·6 | 10·9 | 30·1 | 59·1 |
| Optimism | |||||
| T1 (low) | 32·9 | 15·2 | 11·0 | 29·3 | 59·7 |
| T2 (moderate)† | 35·5 | 16·1 | 10·6 | 26·1 | 63·4 |
| T3 (high) | 31·3 | 16·2 | 8·0 | 27·6 | 64·4 |
| Unknown | 0·3 | ||||
| Prenatal distress | |||||
| T1 (low) | 31·0 | 15·7 | 11·7 | 25·0 | 63·3 |
| T2 (moderate)† | 34·4 | 15·5 | 9·8 | 34·2 | 56·0 |
| T3 (high) | 34·0 | 16·4 | 8·8 | 22·8 | 68·4 |
EPDS, Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale.
*
P<0·05.
†
Reference category for univariable analysis of excessive and inadequate weight gain, respectively.