Table 2.
Exclusive breast-feeding by socio-economic, health service and individual characteristics, Nigeria, 1999–2013
| 1999 | 2003 | 2008 | 2013 | P for | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | % | OR | 95 % CI | P | % | OR | 95 % CI | P | % | OR | 95 % CI | P | % | OR | 95 % CI | P | P trend | interaction |
| Socio-economic | ||||||||||||||||||
| Mother’s employment | ||||||||||||||||||
| Not working | 14·5 | 1·00 | Ref. | 14·2 | 1·00 | Ref. | 12·0 | 1·00 | Ref. | 16·4 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·001 | 0·176 | ||||
| Working | 17·6 | 0·89 | 0·46, 1·71 | 0·715 | 18·2 | 0·72 | 0·41, 1·28 | 0·268 | 14·6 | 1·04 | 0·79, 1·37 | 0·793 | 18·2 | 0·79 | 0·62, 1·01 | 0·065 | 0·045 | |
| Mother’s education | ||||||||||||||||||
| No education | 8·3 | 1·00 | Ref. | 10·6 | 1·00 | Ref. | 6·8 | 1·00 | Ref. | 7·1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·650 | 0·002 | ||||
| Primary education | 19·8 | 3·47 | 1·49, 8·06 | 0·004 | 10·8 | 0·69 | 0·31, 1·52 | 0·359 | 11·5 | 1·46 | 0·99, 2·16 | 0·056 | 20·0 | 2·27 | 1·57, 3·29 | <0·001 | 0·043 | |
| Secondary and above education | 25·9 | 5·32 | 2·27, 12·45 | 0·001 | 24·7 | 2·22 | 1·07, 4·62 | 0·033 | 19·7 | 2·51 | 1·70, 3·71 | 0·001 | 31·1 | 3·15 | 2·20, 4·52 | <0·001 | 0·111 | |
| Father’s education | ||||||||||||||||||
| No education | 7·8 | 1·00 | Ref. | 10·6 | 1·00 | Ref. | 6·8 | 1·00 | Ref. | 6·2 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·995 | 0·018 | ||||
| Primary education | 17·5 | 2·35 | 0·95, 5·78 | 0·064 | 10·7 | 0·74 | 0·32, 1·70 | 0·472 | 11·5 | 1·20 | 0·78, 1·85 | 0·396 | 17·8 | 2·49 | 1·63, 3·79 | <0·001 | 0·038 | |
| Secondary and above education | 24·2 | 4·29 | 1·84, 10·00 | 0·001 | 24·7 | 2·34 | 1·14, 4·79 | 0·020 | 19·7 | 2·14 | 1·47, 3·12 | 0·001 | 27·4 | 3·12 | 2·14, 4·56 | <0·001 | 0·048 | |
| Household poverty index | ||||||||||||||||||
| Poor | 11·0 | 1·00 | Ref. | 10·5 | 1·00 | Ref. | 9·3 | 1·00 | Ref. | 8·9 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·692 | 0·189 | ||||
| Middle | 19·3 | 1·42 | 0·72, 2·81 | 0·307 | 20·4 | 1·71 | 0·91, 3·23 | 0·095 | 11·8 | 1·18 | 0·83, 1·68 | 0·359 | 18·5 | 2·10 | 1·52, 2·91 | <0·001 | 0·022 | |
| Rich | 22·3 | 1·77 | 0·71, 4·45 | 0·222 | 21·0 | 2·81 | 1·26, 6·28 | 0·012 | 21·3 | 1·98 | 1·30, 3·01 | 0·001 | 33·3 | 3·07 | 2·04, 4·62 | <0·001 | 0·043 | |
| Health service | ||||||||||||||||||
| Place of delivery | ||||||||||||||||||
| Home | 8·6 | 1·00 | Ref. | 12·5 | 1·00 | Ref. | 9·1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 10·2 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·068 | 0·001 | ||||
| Health facility | 27·3 | 4·09 | 2·01, 8·35 | 0·001 | 25·0 | 1·53 | 0·81, 2·89 | 0·192 | 20·6 | 1·87 | 1·38, 2·53 | 0·001 | 30·1 | 2·05 | 1·56, 2·68 | <0·001 | 0·024 | |
| Mode and place of delivery | ||||||||||||||||||
| Home | 9·1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 12·5 | 1·00 | Ref. | 9·1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 10·2 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·098 | 0·005 | ||||
| Health facility without caesarean | 28·5 | 3·99 | 1·95, 8·16 | 0·001 | 23·8 | 1·40 | 0·72, 2·71 | 0·323 | 20·2 | 1·85 | 1·36, 2·51 | 0·001 | 30·4 | 2·10 | 1·60, 2·76 | <0·001 | 0·015 | |
| Health facility with caesarean | 17·5 | 2·17 | 0·31, 15·07 | 0·433 | 26·7 | 4·03 | 0·53, 30·58 | 0·177 | 27·0 | 2·24 | 0·97, 5·18 | 0·058 | 29·6 | 1·77 | 0·90, 3·49 | 0·099 | 0·976 | |
| Antenatal visits | ||||||||||||||||||
| None | 8·4 | 1·00 | Ref. | 7·3 | 1·00 | Ref. | 9·1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 8·9 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·389 | 0·002 | ||||
| 1–3 | 24·0 | 4·46 | 1·62, 12·27 | 0·004 | 19·8 | 3·41 | 1·40, 8·31 | 0·007 | 11·2 | 1·25 | 0·81, 1·94 | 0·316 | 12·5 | 1·34 | 0·89, 2·03 | 0·163 | 0·262 | |
| 4+ | 20·6 | 2·72 | 1·24, 5·98 | 0·013 | 23·5 | 2·75 | 1·30, 5·84 | 0·008 | 18·4 | 1·62 | 1·18, 2·24 | 0·003 | 25·1 | 2·00 | 1·45, 2·77 | <0·001 | 0·002 | |
| Delivery assistance | ||||||||||||||||||
| Health professionals | 27·1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 23·0 | 1·00 | Ref. | 19·6 | 1·00 | Ref. | 30·2 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·006 | 0·001 | ||||
| Traditional birth attendants | 4·9 | 0·13 | 0·04, 0·39 | 0·001 | 12·8 | 0·73 | 0·3, 1·76 | 0·479 | 7·1 | 0·50 | 0·32, 0·76 | 0·001 | 8·3 | 0·33 | 0·22, 0·49 | <0·001 | 0·566 | |
| Untrained personnel | 10·6 | 0·23 | 0·11, 0·52 | 0·001 | 13·2 | 0·73 | 0·4, 1·38 | 0·330 | 11·6 | 0·69 | 0·51, 0·95 | 0·023 | 10·7 | 0·48 | 0·36, 0·64 | <0·001 | 0·331 | |
| Individual | ||||||||||||||||||
| Child’s age (months) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 0–1 | 25·4 | 1·00 | Ref. | 26·1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 20·2 | 1·00 | Ref. | 26·1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·329 | 0·895 | ||||
| 2–3 | 15·0 | 0·47 | 0·24, 0·93 | 0·029 | 18·6 | 0·50 | 0·26, 0·96 | 0·037 | 14·4 | 0·64 | 0·47, 0·86 | 0 | 19·0 | 0·58 | 0·44, 0·77 | <0·001 | 0·012 | |
| 4–5 | 8·2 | 0·26 | 0·13, 0·55 | <0·001 | 7·1 | 0·15 | 0·07, 0·33 | <0·001 | 8·0 | 0·26 | 0·19, 0·37 | <0·001 | 10·0 | 0·21 | 0·16, 0·30 | <0·001 | 0·128 | |
Ref., reference category.
%=proportion of mothers who exclusively breast-feed in the study population (0–5 months); P for interaction=interaction between a given study variable and the study period (1999–2013). Multivariable models adjusted for the potential confounding factors of geopolitical region, maternal age, birth interval and sex of the baby. In models of health service factors, additional adjustment was made for socio-economic status and individual factors. For models of individual factors, additional adjustment was made for socio-economic status and health service factors as confounders of the association between individual factors and breast-feeding indicators.