Table 3.
Impact of supermarket purchase on child/adolescent nutrition, Central Province of Kenya, July and August 2012
| Model 1 BAZ | Model 2 HAZ | Model 3 HAZ | Model 4 Stunted (dummy) | Model 5 Stunted (dummy) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explanatory variables | ME | se | ME | se | ME | se | ME | se | ME | se |
| Buys in supermarket (dummy) | 0·18 | 0·34 | 0·63** | 0·27 | – | – | −0·05 | 0·1 | – | – |
| Supermarket purchase share (%) | – | – | – | – | 0·03*** | 0·01 | – | – | −0·00 | 0·00 |
| Age (months) | −0·00** | 0·00 | −0·01*** | 0·00 | −0·01*** | 0·00 | 0·00*** | 0·00 | 0·00*** | 0·00 |
| Female (dummy) | 0·11 | 0·13 | 0·08 | 0·15 | 0·13 | 0·15 | −0·022 | 0·05 | −0·03 | 0·05 |
| Household expenditure (1000 Ksh/AE per month) | 0·00 | 0·01 | 0·03* | 0·02 | 0·02 | 0·02 | −0·01** | 0·01 | −0·01** | 0·01 |
| Education of person responsible for food (years) | 0·03 | 0·02 | 0·00 | 0·03 | 0·00 | 0·03 | 0·00 | 0·01 | 0·00 | 0·01 |
| Married household head (dummy) | −0·11 | 0·16 | 0·14 | 0·20 | 0·18 | 0·20 | −0·07 | 0·05 | −0·08 | 0·05 |
| Malaria or respiratory infection (dummy) | – | – | −0·44* | 0·26 | −0·43* | 0·24 | 0·04 | 0·09 | 0·04 | 0·08 |
| Height of female adult (cm) | – | – | 0·06*** | 0·02 | 0·06*** | 0·02 | −0·01*** | 0·00 | −0·01*** | 0·00 |
| Age of female adult when the child was born (years) | – | – | 0·03** | 0·01 | 0·02** | 0·01 | 0·00 | 0·00 | −0·00 | 0·00 |
| Household treats drinking water (dummy) | – | – | 0·36** | 0·15 | 0·35** | 0·15 | −0·07 | 0·05 | −0·06 | 0·05 |
| Distance to nearest health-care centre (log of km) | – | – | −0·04 | 0·07 | 0·02 | 0·07 | 0·05* | 0·03 | 0·04 | 0·03 |
| Age of female adult (years) | 0·01* | 0·01 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Physical education at school (h/week) | −0·02 | 0·03 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Leisure-time physical activity (h/week) | −0·00 | 0·01 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Distance to nearest district hospital (log of km) | 0·01 | 0·06 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Constant | −0·61 | 0·45 | −10·76*** | 2·57 | −10·71*** | 2·54 | – | – | – | – |
| Number of observations | 216 | 216 | 216 | 216 | 216 | |||||
| χ 2 test statistic | 169·34*** | 211·09*** | – | 156·79*** | 336·572*** | |||||
BAZ, BMI-for-age Z-score; HAZ, height-for-age Z-score; ME, marginal effect; se, robust standard error; Ksh, Kenyan shillings; AE, adult equivalent.
Results of instrumental variable regression models are presented, with dependent variables shown in the column headings (first-stage results are presented in Table 4S in the online supplementary material). Models 2 and 3 differ only in terms of how supermarket purchase is defined, as shown in the first two rows; likewise for models 4 and 5.
*P<0·1, **P<0·05, ***P<0·01.