Table 4.
Estimated daily median intakes (Q1, Q3) of energy and selected nutrients from non-breast-milk foods according to breast-feeding status in comparison with estimated needs: young children (n 76) aged 12–23 months from a highland village and a lowland village in Gobalafto district, North Wollo, northern Ethiopia, August–October 2010
| BF children (mean age: 18·0 (sd 4·4) months) | NBF children (mean age: 19·6 (sd 4·1) months) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n 62) | Lowlands (n 32) | Highlands (n 30) | Estimated | All (n 14) | ||||||
| Nutrient | Median | Q1, Q3 | Median | Q1, Q3 | Median | Q1, Q3 | needs† | Median | Q1, Q3 | RNI‡ |
| Energy (kJ) | 1598 | 1109, 2406 | 1669 | 837, 2284 | 1774 | 1343, 2485 | 2293 | 3548 | 1971, 4243 | 3740 |
| Protein (g) | 13·8 | 9·5, 20.2 | 12·8 | 6·1, 20·3 | 16·2 | 11·1, 20·9 | 5 | 33·4 | 13·8, 36·6 | 10·8 |
| Ca (mg) | 102 | 70, 168 | 96 | 51, 191 | 116 | 84, 172 | 346 | 215 | 146, 327 | 500·0 |
| Fe (mg) | 15·0 | 7·6, 23.4 | 13·0 | 5·5, 25·9 | 17·9 | 10·6, 24.1 | 28·9 | 12·9, 39·1 | ||
| L | 11·4 | 11·6 | ||||||||
| M | 5·6 | 5·8 | ||||||||
| Zn (mg) | 3·3 | 2·0, 4.7 | 2·6 | 1·4, 3·8 | 3·8 | 2·3, 5.1 | 6·7 | 3·9, 8·1 | ||
| L | 7·6 | 8·3 | ||||||||
| M | 3·8 | 4·1 | ||||||||
| Vitamin A (μg RE) | 53·6 | 16·6, 86·3 | 31·5 | 11·3, 89·5 | 56·0 | 41·4, 87·3 | 126 | 39·4 | 23·2, 133·6 | 400 |
| Vitamin C* (mg) | 0·8 | 0·2, 4·1 | 2·3 | 0·7, 7·3 | 0·4 | 0·0, 2.0 | 8 | 4·6 | 1·0, 23·0 | 30·0 |
Q1, 1st quartile; Q3, 3rd quartile; BF, breast-fed; NBF, non-breast-fed; RNI, Recommended Nutrient Intake; L, low bioavailability; M, medium bioavailability; RE, retinol equivalent.
*Statistically significant difference between highland and lowland sites according to the Mann-Whitney U test: P < 0·001.
†For BF children, estimated needs from complementary foods are determined assuming average breast-milk intake and composition as proposed by WHO(23) and Dewey and Brown(24).