Table 1.
Individual-, household- and community-level characteristics of children aged 0–23 months (n 3103); secondary analysis of data from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2006–2007
| Characteristic | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Individual-level factors | ||
| Maternal working status (n 3099) | ||
| Non-working | 2403 | 77·5 |
| Working (past 12 months) | 696 | 22·5 |
| Maternal education | ||
| No education | 1981 | 63·8 |
| Primary | 474 | 15·3 |
| Secondary and above | 648 | 20·9 |
| Father's education (n 3096) | ||
| No education | 1074 | 34·7 |
| Primary | 525 | 17·0 |
| Secondary and above | 1497 | 48·3 |
| Literacy (n 3095) | ||
| Cannot read at all | 1945 | 62·8 |
| Able to read only passage | 1150 | 37·2 |
| Mother's age (years) | ||
| 15–19 | 172 | 5·5 |
| 20–34 | 2409 | 77·6 |
| 35–49 | 522 | 16·8 |
| Marital status | ||
| Currently married | 3081 | 99·3 |
| Formerly married* | 22 | 0·7 |
| Birth order | ||
| First-born | 609 | 19·6 |
| Second- to fourth-born | 1522 | 49·1 |
| Fifth-born or higher | 971 | 31·3 |
| Preceding birth interval (n 3094) | ||
| No previous birth | 609 | 19·7 |
| 0–14 months | 166 | 5·4 |
| 14–24 months | 724 | 23·4 |
| ≥25 months | 1595 | 51·5 |
| Sex of baby | ||
| Male | 1644 | 53·0 |
| Female | 1459 | 47·0 |
| Age of child (months) | ||
| 0–5 | 955 | 30·8 |
| 6–11 | 811 | 26·1 |
| 12–17 | 843 | 27·2 |
| 18–23 | 494 | 15·9 |
| Perceived birth size of baby (n 3100) | ||
| Small | 1056 | 34·1 |
| Average | 1398 | 45·1 |
| Large | 646 | 20·8 |
| Place of delivery (n 3101) | ||
| Home | 1902 | 61·3 |
| Health facility | 1199 | 38·7 |
| Mode of delivery (n 3101) | ||
| Non-Caesarean | 2823 | 91·0 |
| Caesarean section | 278 | 9·0 |
| Type of delivery assistance (n 3074) | ||
| Health professional | 1183 | 38·5 |
| Traditional birth attendant | 1046 | 34·0 |
| Other untrained | 845 | 27·5 |
| Antenatal clinic visits (n 3091) | ||
| None | 1005 | 32·5 |
| 1–3 | 1162 | 37·6 |
| ≥4 | 924 | 29·9 |
| Timing of postnatal check-up (n 1172) | ||
| Day 0–2 | 395 | 33·7 |
| Day 3–6 | 684 | 58·4 |
| Day 7 or later | 72 | 6·2 |
| No check-ups (including missing) | 21 | 1·8 |
| Household level factors | ||
| Household wealth index | ||
| Poorest | 683 | 22·0 |
| Poorer | 670 | 21·6 |
| Middle | 625 | 20·2 |
| Richer | 582 | 18·8 |
| Richest | 543 | 17·5 |
| Community-level factors | ||
| Residence | ||
| Urban | 937 | 30·2 |
| Rural | 2166 | 69·8 |
| Geographical region (province) | ||
| Punjab | 1741 | 56·1 |
| Sindh | 775 | 25·0 |
| North West Frontier | 452 | 14·6 |
| Balochistan | 136 | 4·4 |
Weighted total was 3103 unless stated otherwise within parentheses.
*Divorced, separated and widowed.