Table 3.
Rates of timely initiation of breast-feeding, bottle-feeding, exclusive breast-feeding and predominant breast-feeding by individual-, household- and community-level characteristics; secondary analysis of data from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2006–2007
| Timely initiation of breast-feeding (<24 months) | Bottle-feeding (< 24 months) | Exclusive breast-feeding (<6 months) | Predominant breast-feeding (<6 months) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | % | 95 % CI | P | % | 95 % CI | P | % | 95 % CI | P | % | 95 % CI | P |
| Individual-level factors | ||||||||||||
| Maternal working status | ||||||||||||
| Non-working | 29·2 | 26·61, 31·83 | <0·001 | 33·6 | 31·30, 36·03 | 0·012 | 39·1 | 34·97, 43·47 | 0·010 | 17·4 | 14·36, 21·02 | 0·058 |
| Working (past 12 months) | 20·7 | 17·36, 24·42 | 27·2 | 23·11, 31·78 | 26·3 | 19·63, 34·32 | 25·5 | 18·76, 33·75 | ||||
| Maternal education | ||||||||||||
| No education | 27·2 | 24·44, 30·24 | 0·922 | 25·3 | 22·84, 27·82 | <0·001 | 37·3 | 32·74, 42·12 | 0·950 | 21·9 | 18·19, 26·07 | 0·016 |
| Primary | 26·7 | 21·94, 32·10 | 39·2 | 34·05, 44·69 | 37·6 | 28·95, 47·13 | 14·4 | 8·93, 22·49 | ||||
| Secondary and above | 28·0 | 24·06, 32·32 | 48·0 | 43·39, 52·69 | 36·0 | 28·29, 44·57 | 11·9 | 7·30, 18·84 | ||||
| Literacy | ||||||||||||
| Cannot read at all | 27·0 | 24·16, 29·94 | 0·828 | 25·3 | 22·88, 27·89 | <0·001 | 36·3 | 31·80, 41·09 | 0·410 | 21·9 | 18·22, 26·15 | 0·010 |
| Able to read only passage | 28·0 | 24·80, 31·34 | 43·7 | 40·28, 47·15 | 38·2 | 32·17, 44·51 | 13·2 | 9·31, 18·44 | ||||
| Mother's age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 15–19 | 29·8 | 22·61, 38·18 | 0·802 | 29·1 | 21·72, 37·72 | 0·754 | 34·5 | 24·34, 46·34 | 0·900 | 22·8 | 13·97, 35·07 | 0·552 |
| 20–34 | 27·3 | 24·79, 29·87 | 32·3 | 29·97, 34·73 | 37·2 | 33·10, 41·57 | 18·8 | 15·59, 22·45 | ||||
| 35–49 | 26·8 | 22·25, 31·89 | 32·4 | 27·70, 37·48 | 37·7 | 28·75, 47·63 | 16·3 | 10·53, 24·23 | ||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Currently married | 27·3 | 25·09, 29·68 | 0·952 | 32·1 | 30·00, 34·35 | 0·929 | 37·1 | 33·45, 40·93 | 0·440 | 18·7 | 15·78, 22·01 | 0·037 |
| Formerly married* | 26·6 | 10·23, 53·61 | 33·3 | 13·83, 60·77 | 0·0 | 0·0 | ||||||
| Birth order | ||||||||||||
| First-born | 24·9 | 21·00, 29·27 | 0·189 | 35·1 | 30·58, 39·92 | 0·347 | 34·4 | 27·17, 42·49 | 0·050 | 23·2 | 16·97, 30·84 | 0·077 |
| Second- to fourth-born | 26·9 | 24·04, 29·85 | 31·7 | 28·71, 34·86 | 34·3 | 29·45, 39·54 | 19·6 | 15·57, 24·28 | ||||
| Fifth-born or higher | 29·6 | 26·00, 33·43 | 31·0 | 27·51, 34·65 | 44·3 | 37·16, 51·64 | 13·7 | 9·47, 19·50 | ||||
| Preceding birth interval (months) | ||||||||||||
| No previous birth | 24·9 | 21·00, 29·27 | 0·488 | 35·1 | 30·58, 39·92 | 0·169 | 34·4 | 27·17, 42·49 | 0·020 | 23·2 | 16·97, 30·84 | 0·244 |
| 0–14 months | 29·7 | 22·14, 38·55 | 35·8 | 28·50, 43·82 | 22·8 | 12·82, 37·18 | 20·8 | 11·22, 35·22 | ||||
| 14–24 months | 27·0 | 23·14, 31·27 | 33·1 | 28·85, 37·65 | 31·2 | 23·62, 39·86 | 21·2 | 15·10, 29·01 | ||||
| ≥25 months | 28·2 | 25·31, 31·33 | 30·1 | 27·33, 32·98 | 42·1 | 36·94, 47·44 | 18·8 | 12·28, 20·08 | ||||
| Sex of baby | ||||||||||||
| Male | 26·7 | 23·99, 29·66 | 0·497 | 32·8 | 30·03, 35·73 | 0·471 | 38·9 | 34·15, 43·97 | 0·270 | 18·4 | 14·53, 23·06 | 0·829 |
| Female | 28·0 | 25·06, 31·10 | 31·4 | 28·50, 34·42 | 35·0 | 29·91, 40·54 | 19·1 | 15·01, 23·95 | ||||
| Age of child (months) | ||||||||||||
| 0–5 | 25·7 | 22·25, 29·57 | 0·341 | 26·8 | 23·48, 30·33 | 0·001 | 18·7 | 14·80, 22·15 | ||||
| 11–6 | 26·5 | 22·93, 30·46 | 36·8 | 32·57, 41·14 | ||||||||
| 12–17 | 30·0 | 26·38, 33·97 | 34·3 | 30·56, 38·28 | ||||||||
| 18–23 | 27·1 | 22·51, 32·12 | 31·3 | 26·82, 36·06 | ||||||||
| Perceived birth size of baby | ||||||||||||
| Small | 25·9 | 22·57, 29·44 | 0·150 | 31·2 | 27·86, 34·69 | 0·771 | 36·7 | 31·04, 42·73 | 0·800 | 15·6 | 11·40, 20·88 | 0·272 |
| Average | 26·7 | 23·67, 29·87 | 32·6 | 29·64, 35·79 | 38·0 | 32·27, 44·11 | 20·7 | 16·25, 25·90 | ||||
| Large | 31·0 | 25·95, 36·55 | 32·6 | 27·97, 37·49 | 36·1 | 28·09, 44·93 | 20·8 | 14·98, 28·13 | ||||
| Place of delivery | ||||||||||||
| Home | 28·1 | 25·30, 31·01 | 0·464 | 26·2 | 23·70, 28·91 | <0·001 | 37·6 | 32·90, 42·52 | 0·630 | 22·7 | 18·70, 27·37 | 0·002 |
| Health facility | 26·2 | 23·09, 29·52 | 41·6 | 38·11, 45·14 | 36·5 | 30·76, 42·67 | 12·5 | 9·17, 16·89 | ||||
| Mode of delivery | ||||||||||||
| Non-Caesarean | 28·4 | 25·97, 30·85 | 0·001 | 30·6 | 28·44, 32·87 | <0·001 | 37·3 | 33·54, 41·23 | 0·730 | 19·8 | 16·69, 23·36 | 0·002 |
| Caesarean section | 17·0 | 12·34, 22·99 | 47·9 | 40·85, 55·04 | 35·2 | 23·26, 49·29 | 5·4 | 1·92, 14·18 | ||||
| Type of delivery assistance | ||||||||||||
| Health professional | 26·5 | 23·52, 29·76 | 0·745 | 40·4 | 36·77, 44·04 | <0·001 | 37·6 | 31·70, 43·93 | 0·330 | 12·7 | 9·27, 17·19 | 0·002 |
| Traditional birth attendant | 28·1 | 24·61, 31·97 | 30·5 | 27·17, 33·97 | 33·0 | 27·48, 38·97 | 25·5 | 20·27, 31·45 | ||||
| Other | 27·7 | 23·92, 31·81 | 23·1 | 19·76, 26·69 | 41·4 | 34·27, 48·83 | 19·2 | 14·00, 25·83 | ||||
| Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||||||||
| None | 28·4 | 24·86, 32·31 | 0·604 | 21·9 | 18·95, 25·24 | <0·001 | 40·4 | 34·34, 46·81 | 0·270 | 21·8 | 16·65, 27·89 | 0·249 |
| 1–3 | 27·4 | 24·15, 30·81 | 29·4 | 26·39, 32·65 | 37·3 | 31·81, 43·06 | 19·0 | 14·56, 24·29 | ||||
| ≥4 | 25·9 | 22·59, 29·60 | 46·2 | 42·39, 50·12 | 33·4 | 27·02, 40·37 | 15·2 | 10·85, 20·84 | ||||
| Timing of postnatal check-up | ||||||||||||
| Day 0–2 | 26·1 | 21·12, 31·66 | 0·860 | 37·2 | 31·11, 43·67 | <0·001 | 41·8 | 31·50, 52·80 | 0·790 | 13·0 | 7·59, 21·30 | 0·023 |
| Day 3–6 | 27·5 | 23·55, 31·84 | 43·8 | 39·49, 48·20 | 33·8 | 26·77, 41·70 | 11·7 | 7·63, 17·60 | ||||
| Day 7 or later | 21·8 | 12·61, 35·09 | 35·1 | 23·82, 48·34 | 35·3 | 18·12, 57·27 | 13·6 | 4·92, 32·53 | ||||
| Missing/no check-ups | 22·2 | 7·195, 51·28 | 59·0 | 33·83, 80·22 | 30·4 | 6·75, 72·50 | 32·2 | 5·23, 80·28 | ||||
| Household-level factors | ||||||||||||
| Household wealth index | ||||||||||||
| Poorest | 24·1 | 19·80, 29·05 | 0·421 | 18·1 | 14·59, 22·25 | <0·001 | 37·9 | 30·38, 46·07 | 0·130 | 27·6 | 21·04, 35·24 | 0·002 |
| Poorer | 26·9 | 22·42, 31·98 | 27·4 | 23·60, 31·65 | 43·3 | 35·80, 51·02 | 21·6 | 15·94, 28·48 | ||||
| Middle | 28·0 | 23·77, 32·70 | 31·1 | 26·86, 35·76 | 39·3 | 31·16, 48·09 | 11·2 | 6·82, 17·70 | ||||
| Richer | 30·7 | 25·96, 35·86 | 38·4 | 33·85, 43·20 | 34·4 | 26·70, 43·09 | 18·4 | 12·36, 26·53 | ||||
| Richest | 27·4 | 22·49, 32·92 | 50·0 | 45·08, 55·00 | 28·5 | 21·27, 36·92 | 12·6 | 7·774, 19·88 | ||||
| Community-level factors | ||||||||||||
| Residence | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 26·9 | 23·36, 30·78 | 0·807 | 40·5 | 36·61, 44·55 | <0·001 | 35·7 | 29·13, 42·91 | 0·640 | 13·4 | 9·31, 18·89 | 0·022 |
| Rural | 27·5 | 24·70, 30·49 | 28·5 | 26·07, 31·10 | 37·7 | 33·36, 42·27 | 21·1 | 17·47, 25·31 | ||||
| Geographical region (province) | ||||||||||||
| Punjab | 29·0 | 25·77, 32·38 | <0·001 | 38·3 | 35·07, 41·59 | <0·001 | 32·5 | 27·55, 37·88 | 0·001 | 19·7 | 15·46, 24·79 | 0·827 |
| Sindh | 17·6 | 14·43, 21·37 | 26·3 | 22·79, 30·11 | 37·2 | 30·59, 44·23 | 17·5 | 13·09, 22·92 | ||||
| North West Frontier | 34·2 | 28·36, 40·47 | 22·5 | 18·13, 27·57 | 55·2 | 46·39, 63·72 | 18·7 | 12·51, 26·95 | ||||
| Balochistan | 38·8 | 28·21, 50·47 | 19·0 | 14·36, 24·61 | 35·6 | 24·73, 48·14 | 14·1 | 5·42, 32·05 | ||||
*Divorced, separated and widowed.