Table 5.
Survey logistic modelling for not exclusively breast-feeding and predominant breast-feeding (unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios); secondary analysis of data from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2006–2007
| Not exclusively breast-feeding (<6 months) | Predominant breast-feeding (<6 months)* | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||
| Characteristic | OR | 95 % CI | P | OR | 95 % CI | P | OR | 95 % CI | P | OR | 95 % CI | P |
| Individual-level factors | ||||||||||||
| Maternal working status | ||||||||||||
| Non-working | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||||||||
| Working (past 12 months) | 1·80 | 1·18, 2·75 | 0·006 | 1·76 | 1·13, 2·57 | 0·013 | 2·17 | 1·27, 3·71 | 0·004 | |||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Currently married | ||||||||||||
| Formerly married† | ||||||||||||
| Maternal education | ||||||||||||
| No education | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||
| Primary | 1·47 | 0·92, 2·34 | 0·109 | 0·65 | 0·34, 1·22 | 0·187 | ||||||
| Secondary or above | 1·29 | 0·91, 1·83 | 0·152 | 0·56 | 0·30, 1·04 | 0·068 | ||||||
| Literacy | ||||||||||||
| Cannot read at all | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||
| Able to read only passage | 0·92 | 0·67, 1·28 | 0·638 | 0·64 | 0·43, 0·96 | 0·029 | 0·57 | 0·35, 0·92 | 0·024 | 0·58 | 0·35, 0·95 | 0·033 |
| Partner's education | ||||||||||||
| No education | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||
| Primary | 0·99 | 0·64, 1·53 | 0·955 | 1·58 | 0·87, 2·86 | 0·125 | ||||||
| Secondary or above | 1·06 | 0·70, 1·59 | 0·789 | 1·04 | 0·65, 1·64 | 0·862 | ||||||
| Mother's age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 15–19 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||
| 20–34 | 0·89 | 0·53, 1·50 | 0·658 | 0·76 | 0·38, 1·49 | 0·427 | ||||||
| 35–49 | 0·87 | 0·46, 1·66 | 0·674 | 0·65 | 0·27, 1·53 | 0·326 | ||||||
| Birth order | ||||||||||||
| First-born | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||
| Second- to fourth-born | 1·00 | 0·67, 1·51 | 0·983 | 0·84 | 0·50, 1·41 | 0·524 | ||||||
| Fifth-born or higher | 0·66 | 0·42, 1·04 | 0·070 | 0·46 | 0·24, 0·85 | 0·013 | ||||||
| Preceding birth interval | ||||||||||||
| No previous birth | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||
| 0–14 months | 1·78 | 0·85, 3·73 | 0·127 | 1·35 | 0·53, 3·42 | 0·522 | ||||||
| 14–24 months | 1·16 | 0·69, 1·94 | 0·572 | 1·01 | 0·53, 1·91 | 0·973 | ||||||
| ≥25 months | 0·72 | 0·48, 1·08 | 0·116 | 0·55 | 0·33, 0·93 | 0·028 | ||||||
| Sex of baby | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||
| Female | 1·18 | 0·87, 1·60 | 0·276 | 1·15 | 0·74, 1·78 | 0·524 | ||||||
| Age of child (months) | 1·42 | 1·29, 1·57 | <0·001 | 1·46 | 1·32, 1·62 | <0·001 | 1·42 | 1·24, 1·63 | <0·001 | |||
| Perceived birth size of baby | ||||||||||||
| Average | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||
| Large | 1·09 | 0·70, 1·69 | 0·713 | 1·28 | 0·77, 2·13 | 0·339 | ||||||
| Small | 1·06 | 0·74, 1·52 | 0·758 | 0·35 | 0·74, 2·46 | 0·314 | ||||||
| Place of delivery | ||||||||||||
| Home | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||
| Health facility | 1·05 | 0·75, 1·46 | 0·784 | 0·56 | 0·35, 0·90 | 0·019 | ||||||
| Mode of delivery | ||||||||||||
| Non-Caesarean | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||
| Caesarean section | 1·10 | 0·60, 1·99 | 0·763 | 0·28 | 0·08, 0·94 | 0·039 | ||||||
| Type of delivery assistance | ||||||||||||
| Health professional | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||||||||
| Traditional birth attendant | 1·23 | 0·85, 1·78 | 0·282 | 2·28 | 1·39, 3·74 | 0·001 | 1·96 | 1·18, 3·24 | 0·009 | |||
| Other | 0·86 | 0·58, 1·26 | 0·429 | 1·37 | 0·79, 2·38 | 0·255 | 1·33 | 0·75, 2·34 | 0·324 | |||
| Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||||||||
| None | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||
| 1–3 | 1·14 | 0·82, 1·60 | 0·434 | 0·94 | 0·58, 1·51 | 0·814 | ||||||
| ≥4 | 1·36 | 0·92, 2·00 | 0·128 | 0·84 | 0·48, 1·47 | 0·556 | ||||||
| Timing of postnatal check-up | ||||||||||||
| Immediate (hospital birth) | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||
| Day 0–2 | 1·40 | 0·80, 2·45 | 0·235 | 1·11 | 0·49, 2·50 | 0·791 | ||||||
| Days 3–6 | 1·32 | 0·50, 3·50 | 0·580 | 1·24 | 0·31, 4·90 | 0·752 | ||||||
| Day 7 or later | 1·64 | 0·26, 9·53 | 0·600 | 3·40 | 0·26, 43·6 | 0·344 | ||||||
| Household-level factors | ||||||||||||
| Household wealth index | ||||||||||||
| Poorest | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||||||||
| Poorer | 0·80 | 0·51, 1·26 | 0·336 | 0·98 | 0·61, 1·58 | 0·943 | 0·68 | 0·39, 1·18 | 0·175 | |||
| Middle | 0·94 | 0·57, 1·55 | 0·817 | 1·07 | 0·62, 1·86 | 0·803 | 0·38 | 0·19, 0·77 | 0·007 | |||
| Richer | 1·16 | 0·71, 1·91 | 0·550 | 1·69 | 0·95, 3·00 | 0·072 | 0·73 | 0·38, 1·38 | 1·389 | |||
| Richest | 1·54 | 0·92, 2·56 | 0·101 | 2·31 | 1·22, 4·36 | 0·010 | 0·61 | 0·29, 1·24 | 1·246 | |||
| Community-level factors | ||||||||||||
| Residence | ||||||||||||
| Rural | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||
| Urban | 1·09 | 0·76, 1·56 | 0·640 | 1·49 | 0·88, 2·52 | 0·133 | ||||||
| Geographical region (province) | ||||||||||||
| Punjab | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||
| Sindh | 0·81 | 0·56, 1·19 | 0·285 | 0·77 | 0·51, 1·16 | 0·204 | 0·77 | 0·46, 1·28 | 0·324 | 0·78 | 0·47, 1·28 | 0·331 |
| North West Frontier | 0·39 | 0·26, 0·60 | <0·001 | 0·37 | 0·23, 0·59 | <0·001 | 0·55 | 0·30, 1·01 | 0·055 | 0·54 | 0·29, 1·00 | 0·052 |
| Balochistan | 0·87 | 0·49, 1·54 | 0·637 | 0·69 | 0·37, 1·28 | 0·240 | 0·65 | 0·20, 2·12 | 0·480 | 0·58 | 0·17, 1·96 | 0·384 |
*Logistic model based on proportions of predominant (n 179) and exclusive breast-feeding (n 354).
†Divorced, separated and widowed.