Table 3.
Studies Assessing the Psychometric Properties of Scales Measuring Perceived Risk of Developing Diabetes (n = 6)
| Author (year) | Constructa Subconstruct |
# items (α) | Response optionsb Scoring |
Source(s) for scale/item(s) | Guiding theory, model, or framework |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sousa (2010) |
Perceived risk: -Personal, behavioral risk factors -Environmental risk factors |
12 (0.81) 6 (0.74) 6 (0.80) |
All: 4-point ordinal scales: don’t know, no effect, decreases risk, increases risk Sum of all items |
Janz (1984);118 American Diabetes Association [ADA] (2008a);119 CDC (2007);120 ADA (2008b);121 Gavin (2002);122 Elbein (1997);123 Ambrose (2001)124 | Health Belief Model |
| Della (2013) |
Perceived risk Perceived severity |
5 (0.71) 4 (0.61) |
All: 5-point Likert scales: disagree a lot to agree a lot Mean of items for each construct; not combined |
Nijhof (2008)125 | Health Belief Model |
| Ferrer (2016) |
Perceived risk -Deliberative risk -Affective risk -Experiential risk |
6 (0.96) 6 (0.96) 6 (0.92) |
Scale 0–100 and 7-point Likert scales: likely to unlikely; very low to very high; SD to SA; much lower to much higher 7-point Likert scales: not at all to extremely 7-point Likert scales: not at all to extremely; SD to SA Not specified |
HINTS; Dillard (2012);11 Weinstein 2007);116 Janssen (2011);126 Janssen (2014);127 Klein (2011)128 | Tripartite Model of Risk Perception |
| Joiner (2016a) |
Perceived risk -Optimistic bias -Personal control -Worry -Comparative disease risk -Comparative environmental risk -Diabetes risk knowledge |
2 (0.72) 2 (0.67) 2 (0.54) 15 (0.88) 9 (0.88) 11 |
4-point Likert scales: SA to SD 4-point Likert scales: SA to SD 4-point Likert scales: SA to SD 4-point Likert scale: no risk to high risk 4-point Likert scale: no risk to high risk 3-point ordinal: Increases risk, has no effect, decreases risk Mean of items for each subscale, except risk knowledge; Sum of diabetes risk knowledge items |
RPS-DD26 | – |
| Shah (2016) |
Perceived risk -Personal, behavioral risk factors -Environmental risk factors |
12 (0.68) 6 (0.60) 6 (0.67) |
All: 4-point ordinal scales: don’t know, no effect on risk, decreases risk, increases risk Sum of all items |
Revised Self-Care Agency Scale Sousa (2010)129 |
Familial Risk Perception Model |
| Rochefort (2020) |
Perceived risk -Optimistic bias -Personal control -Worry |
8 (0.44) 2 (0.44) 4 (0.71) 2 (0.53) |
All: 4-point Likert scales: SA to SD Mean of items for each subscale |
RPS-DD26 | - |
aWe used authors’ labels for constructs and subconstructs
bSA strongly agree, SD strongly disagree