Table 3.

A list of microorganisms linked with cancer and cancer treatment in the context of the IOM based on published literature.

Cancer type	Microbes associated with cancer			Microbes associated with cancer treatment			Refs
	Microbe	Taxa	Type	Microbe	Taxa	Type
Stomach cancer, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and cancer of the oesophagus	Helicobacter pylori $	s	Bacteria				[96, 97]
Lung cancer	Prevotella	g	Bacteria	Clostridia	c	Bacteria	[9, 24, 98–100]
	Veillonella	g	Bacteria	Enterococcushirae *	s	Bacteria
	Haemophilus	g	Bacteria	Firmicutes	p	Bacteria
	Streptococcus	g	Bacteria
	Leuconostocaceae	f	Bacteria
	Sphingomonadaceae	f	Bacteria
	Alphaproteobacteria	c	Bacteria
	Herbaspirillum	g	Bacteria
	Staphylococcus	g	Bacteria
	Delftia	g	Bacteria
	Burkholderiales	o	Bacteria
	Proteobacteria	p	Bacteria
Gastrointestinal tumor	Fusobacterium	g	Bacteria	-			[23, 30]
	Candida	g	Fungi
Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC)	Orthohepadnavirus	g	Viruses	-			[30]
	Hepatotoxic microcystis	g	Bacteria
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC)	Sachharopolyspora	g	Bacteria	Sachharopolyspora	g	Bacteria	[20, 101]
	Pseudoxanthomonas	g	Bacteria	Pseudoxanthomonas	g	Bacteria
	Streptomyces	g	Bacteria	Streptomyces	g	Bacteria
	Bacillusclausii	s	Bacteria	Bacillus clausii	s	Bacteria
	Malassezia	g	Fungi
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA)	Proteobacteria	p	Bacteria	Malassezia	g	Fungi	[20, 27, 102]
	Actinobacteria	p	Bacteria	Gammaproteobacteria *	c	Bacteria
	Fusobacteria	p	Bacteria
	Verruco microbia	p	Bacteria
	Malassezia	g	Fungi
Breast cancer	Fusobacterium nucleatum	s	Bacteria	-			[21]
Colorectal Cancer (CRC)	Fusobacterium nucleatum	s	Bacteria	E. coli *	s	Bacteria	[8, 19, 30, 103–112]
	Faecali bacterium	g	Bacteria	Comamonas *	g	Bacteria
	Fusobacterium nucleatum	s	Bacteria	Fusobacterium nucleatum	s	Bacteria
	Bacteroi des	g	Bacteria	Bifidobacterium pseudolongum	s	Bacteria
	Enterotoxigenic B. fragilis	s	Bacteria	Lactobacillus johnsonii	s	Bacteria
	Campylobacterjejuni	s	Bacteria	Olsenella	g	Bacteria
	Genotoxic pks+ E. coli	s	Bacteria	Bacteroides vulgatus *	s	Bacteria
				Clostridiumramosum *	s	Bacteria
Melanomao	Bifidobacteria	g	Bacteria	Bifidobacterium pseudolongum	s	Bacteria	[7, 8, 12, 113–116]
	Bifidobacteriumlongum	s	Bacteria	Bifidobacteria	g	Bacteria
	Enterococcus faecium	s	Bacteria	Akkermansia muciniphila	s	Bacteria
	Collinsella aerofaciens	s	Bacteria	Collinsella aerofaciens	s	Bacteria
	Bacteroides	g	Bacteria	Enterococcus faecium	s	Bacteria
	Parabacteroides	g	Bacteria	Olsenella	g	Bacteria
				Lactobacillus johnsonii	s	Bacteria
				Bifidobacterium longum	s	Bacteria
				Bacteroides *	g	Bacteria
				Burkholderiales *	o	Bacteria
				Bifidobacterium *	g	Bacteria
Cancer at anogenital sites, cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract, and cancer of the skin	Human papillomavirus $	s	Viruses	-	-		[97]
Cervical cancer	Human papillomavirus $	s	Viruses	Clostridia	c	Bacteria	[9, 97, 117]
				Firmicutes	p	Bacteria
Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CESC)	Alphapa pillomavirus	g	Viruses	-			[30]
Burkitt lymphoma, immunosuppression-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma	Epstein- Barr virus $	s	Viruses	-			[97]
Hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma	Hepatitis B virus $	s	Viruses	-			[97]
Hepatocellular carcinoma, lymphoid malignancies, leukaemias, and cancer of the thyroid	Hepatitis C virus $	s	Viruses	-			[97]
Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multiple myeloma	Kaposisarcom a herpesvirus $	s	Viruses	-			[97]
Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, cervical and anogenital cancers, cancer of the skin, cancer of the conjunctiva, Cancer of the lung, and Cancer of the liver	Human immuno deficiency virus I $	s	Viruses	-			[97]
T-cell malignancies, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, B- and T-cell lymphomas, and non-lymphomatous tumours	Human T-cell leukemi a virus type I $	-	Viruses	-			[97]
Cancer of the urinary bladder and cancers of the female genital tract	Schistosoma haematobium $	s	Eukaryota	-			[90]
Cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma	Opisthorchis viverrini $	s	Eukaryota	-			[90]
	Clonorc hissinensis $	s	Eukaryota
Bladder cancer	-			Bifidobacterium pseudolongum	s	Bacteria	[8]
				Lactobacillus johnsonii	s	Bacteria
				Olsenella	g	Bacteria
Liver cancer	-			Clostridium scindens	s	Bacteria	[118]
Epithelial tumor	-			Akkermansia muciniphila *	s	Bacteria	[119]
Prostate cancer	-			Akkermansia muciniphila	s	Bacteria	[120]
Sarcoma	-			Enterococcus hirae *	s	Bacteria	[99, 100]

^*Microorganisms associated with cancer drug treatment. P, Phylum; c, Class; o, Order; f, Family; g, Genus; s, Species.

^$Microorganisms labeled as human carcinogens (“oncomicrobes”) by the International Association for Cancer Registries (IACR).