Table 3.
Temporal Contingency and Mean Differences in Responsiveness Among and Within Dyads for the Japanese Acculturation Comparison
| Acculturation Group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent Variables | Japan (Origin) (n = 46) | Japanese Immigrant (n = 32) | European American (Destination) (n = 40) | AN(C)OVA |
|
| ||||
| Mother Speak/Infant Attend b | ||||
| Speak → Attend | 3.12* (2.81) | 2.48* (2.53) | 3.27* (4.21) |
Respondent within-subjects effect:
F(1, 109) = 3.85, p = .05, η2p = .03 Acculturation Group main effect: F(2, 109) = 0.72, p = .49, η2p = .01 Respondent × Acculturation Group interaction: F(2, 109) = 2.64, p = .08, η2p = .05 |
| Attend → Speak | 2.00* (1.28) | 2.06* (1.31) | 2.49* (1.92) | |
|
| ||||
| Mother Play/Infant Attend | ||||
| Play → Attend | 3.69* (3.99) | 3.15 (4.68) | 3.36* (2.72) |
Respondent within-subjects effect:
F(1, 84) = 0.88, p = .35, η2p = .01 Acculturation Group main effect: F(2, 84) = 6.82, p = .002, η2p = .14 Respondent × Acculturation Group interaction: F(2, 84) = 3.04, p = .05, η2p = .07 |
| Attend → Play | 3.12 (4.07) | 1.46 (2.17) | 4.60* (3.79) | |
|
| ||||
| Mother Play/Infant Vocalize ab | ||||
| Play → Vocalize | 1.02 (0.93) | 1.57 (1.50) | 1.26 (1.40) |
Respondent within-subjects effect:
F(1, 83) = 5.04, p = .03, η2p = .06 Acculturation Group main effect: F(2, 83) = 0.04, p = .96, η2p = .00 Respondent × Acculturation Group interaction: F(2, 83) = 0.49, p = .62, η2p = .01 |
| Vocalize → Play | 1.43 (1.55) | 1.27 (1.76) | 1.24 (1.56) | |
|
| ||||
| Mother Encourage/Infant Vocalize | ||||
| Encourage → Vocalize | 1.41 (1.28) | 1.71 (2.07) | 1.46 (1.41) |
Respondent within-subjects effect:
F(1, 104) = 0.04, p = .84, η2p = .00 Acculturation Group main effect: F(2, 104) = 0.48, p = .62, η2p = .01 Respondent × Acculturation Group interaction: F(2,104) = 0.93, p = .40, η2p = .02 |
| Vocalize → Encourage | 1.54 (1.10) | 1.26 (1.07) | 2.01 (2.72) | |
Note. Data (M, SD) are untransformed ORs (ORs) not controlled for covariates. Asterisks (*) indicate temporal contingency in mother-infant interactions, specifically, that the OR was significantly greater than 1 (as indicated by a one-sample t-test where p ≤ .05). AN(C)OVAs examined acculturation of responsiveness at the group level. Superscripts indicate the specific covariates that were used in the mixed-design AN(C)OVAs:
a
infant age
b
mother in view.