Table 4.
Temporal Contingency and Mean Differences in Responsiveness Among and Within Dyads for the South Korean Acculturation Comparison
| Acculturation Group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent Variables | South Korean (Origin) (n = 56) | South Korean Immigrant (n = 59) | European American (Destination) (n = 55) | AN(C)OVA |
|
| ||||
| Mother Speak/Infant Attend bcd | ||||
| Speak → Attend | 2.24* (1.61) | 2.08* (1.11) | 3.11* (3.38) |
Respondent within-subjects effect:
F(1, 150) = 24.14, p < .001, η2p = .14 Acculturation Group main effect: F(2, 150) = 9.73, p < .001, η2p = .12 Respondent × Acculturation Group interaction: F(2, 150) = 1.10, p = .34, η2p = .01 |
| Attend → Speak | 1.46* (0.58) | 1.73* (1.12) | 2.02* (0.98) | |
|
| ||||
| Mother Play/Infant Attend | ||||
| Play → Attend | 3.90* (5.17) | 3.00* (3.69) | 4.28* (4.58) |
Respondent within-subjects effect:
F(1, 138) = 2.72, p = .10, η2p = .02 Acculturation Group main effect: F(2, 138) = 2.12, p = .13, η2p = .03 Respondent × Acculturation Group interaction: F(2, 138) = 0.22, p = .80, η2p = .00 |
| Attend → Play | 4.50* (5.09) | 3.79* (3.91) | 4.67* (5.05) | |
|
| ||||
| Mother Play/Infant Vocalize c | ||||
| Play → Vocalize | 1.31 (1.77) | 1.52 (2.21) | 1.14 (1.01) |
Respondent within-subjects effect:
F(1, 138) = 0.07, p = .80, η2p = .00 Acculturation Group main effect: F(2, 138) = 0.94, p = .39, η2p = .01 Respondent × Acculturation Group interaction: F(2, 138) = 1.59, p = .21, η2p = .02 |
| Vocalize → Play | 1.13 (1.57) | 1.31 (1.83) | 1.49 (1.45) | |
|
| ||||
| Mother Encourage/Infant Vocalize a | ||||
| Encourage → Vocalize | 1.53 (1.52) | 1.71 (1.58) | 1.38* (0.82) |
Respondent within-subjects effect:
F(1, 156) = 1.53, p = .22, η2p = .01 Acculturation Group main effect: F(2, 156) = 1.26, p = .29, η2p = .02 Respondent × Acculturation Group interaction: F(2, 156) = 0.19, p = .83, η2p = .00 |
| Vocalize → Encourage | 1.46 (1.57) | 1.49 (1.81) | 1.74* (1.51) | |
Note. Data (M, SD) are untransformed ORs (ORs) not controlled for covariates. Asterisks (*) indicate temporal contingency in mother-infant interactions, specifically, that the OR was significantly greater than 1 (as indicated by a one-sample t-test where p ≤ .05). AN(C)OVAs examined acculturation of responsiveness at the group level. Superscripts indicate the specific covariates that were used in the mixed-design AN(C)OVAs:
a
infant age
b
mother age
c
mother education
d
mother in view.