. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Infant Behav Dev. 2023 Mar 14;71:101832. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101832

Table 5.

Temporal Contingency and Mean Differences in Responsiveness Among and Within Dyads for the South American Acculturation Comparison

Acculturation Group:
Dependent Variables	Argentine (Origin) (n = 48)	South American Immigrant (n = 32)	European American (Destination) (n = 40)	AN(C)OVA

Mother Speak/Infant Attend ^ac
Speak → Attend	2.03^* (1.57)	1.91^* (1.07)	2.32^* (1.34)	Respondent within-subjects effect: F(1, 114) = 4.35, p = .04, η²_p = .04 Acculturation Group main effect: F(2, 114) = 0.76, p = .47, η²_p = .01 Respondent × Acculturation Group interaction: F(2, 114) = 0.11, p = .90, η²_p = .00
Attend → Speak	1.66^* (0.60)	1.83^* (0.89)	2.00^* (1.10)

Mother Play/Infant Attend ^c
Play → Attend	2.72^* (2.21)	2.75^* (2.26)	3.17^* (2.96)	Respondent within-subjects effect: F(1, 99) = 0.02, p = .88, η²_p = .00 Acculturation Group main effect: F(2, 99) = 0.71, p = .49, η²_p = .01 Respondent × Acculturation Group interaction: F(2, 99) = 0.18, p = .83, η²_p = .00
Attend → Play	3.32^* (2.10)	3.80^* (3.01)	4.57^* (4.01)

Mother Play/Infant Vocalize ^b
Play → Vocalize	1.11 (0.95)	0.64 (0.88)	1.50 (1.09)	Respondent within-subjects effect: F(1, 99) = 0.002, p = .96, η²_p = .00 Acculturation Group main effect: F(2, 99) = 5.94, p = .004, η²_p = .11 Respondent × Acculturation Group interaction: F(2, 99) = 1.04, p = .36, η²_p = .02
Vocalize → Play	1.10 (0.86)	0.89 (1.08)	1.47 (1.45)

Mother Encourage/Infant Vocalize
Encourage → Vocalize	1.27^* (0.71)	1.25 (1.57)	1.97^* (1.42)	Respondent within-subjects effect: F(1, 109) = 0.07, p = .79, η²_p = .00 Acculturation Group main effect: F(2, 109) = 6.26, p = .003, η²_p = .10 Respondent × Acculturation Group interaction: F(2, 109) = 0.17, p = .85, η²_p = .00
Vocalize → Encourage	1.33^* (0.88)	1.19 (1.40)	1.74^* (1.18)

Note. Data (M, SD) are untransformed ORs (ORs) not controlled for covariates. Asterisks (*) indicate temporal contingency in mother-infant interactions, specifically, that the OR was significantly greater than 1 (as indicated by a one-sample t-test where p ≤ .05). AN(C)OVAs examined acculturation of responsiveness at the group level.

Superscripts indicate the specific covariates that were used in the mixed-design AN(C)OVAs:

infant age

mother age

mother in view.