Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of N = 1719 children and adolescents with ADHD included in the primary analyses.
| Stat |
p |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABCDa | ||||||
| Emergent | Fluctuant | Persistent | Remitted | |||
| N (%) | 312 (20.6%) | 445 (29.3%) | 279 (18.4%) | 482 (31.8%) | ||
| Age at baseline | 9.9 (0.6) | 9.9 (0.6) | 9.9 (0.6) | 9.9 (0.6) | F (3, 1506) = 0.1 | 0.96 |
| Age at final follow-up | 12 (0.6) | 12 (0.67) | 12 (0.7) | 12 (0.7) | (3, 1506) = 0.14 | 0.94 |
| Sex | χ2 (3) = 7.79 | 0.05 | ||||
| Male | 196 (62.8%) | 298 (67%) | 205 (73.5%) | 324 (67.2%) | ||
| Female | 116 (37.2%) | 147 (33%) | 74 (26.5%) | 158 (32.8%) | ||
| WISC-V Matrix Reasoning Total Scaled Score | 9.6 (3) | 9.4 (3.1) | 9.6 (2.9) | 9.3 (3.2) | F (3, 1450) = 0.77 | 0.51 |
| Socioeconomic status mean household income (SD) in thousands of dollars | 107 (77) | 102 (82) | 111 (85) | 102 (80) | F (3, 65) = 0.43 | 0.73 |
| Raceb | χ2 (3) = 19.71 | <0.001 | ||||
| Asian | – | 10 (2.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | 6 (1.3%) | ||
| Black/African American | 23 (7.4%) | 69 (15.6%) | 37 (13.3%) | 89 (18.7%) | ||
| More than one race | 52 (16.8%) | 62 (14%) | 38 (13.7%) | 71 (14.9%) | ||
| Other | 13 (4.2%) | 22 (5%) | 10 (3.6%) | 19 (4%) | ||
| White | 222 (71%) | 279 (63.1%) | 192 (69.1%) | 292 (61.2%) | ||
| Ethnicity | χ2 (3) = 1.91 | 0.59 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 250 (81.7%) | 362 (82.7%) | 233 (85%) | 399 (84%) | ||
| Hispanic | 56 (18.3%) | 76 (17.4%) | 41 (15%) | 76 (16%) | ||
| NCR | ||||||
| N (%) | 18 (11.7%) | 41 (26.6%) | 65 (42.2%) | 30 (19.5%) | – | – |
| Age at baseline (mean, SD) | 8.1 (1.1) | 9.1 (2.1) | 8.7 (2.6) | 8.9 (2.3) | F (3, 148) = 1.5 | 0.22 |
| Age at final follow-up (mean, SD) | 14.4 (1.8) | 15.8 (1.6) | 14 (2.5) | 14.6 (2.3) | F (3, 146) = 4.87 | 0.003c |
| Number of observations (median, range) | 4.5 (3–7) | 5 (3–9) | 4 (3–8) | 3 (3–8) | χ2 (3) = 7.3 | 0.06 |
| Median years follow-up time (IQR) | 1.4 (1.2) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.51 (1.1) | 1.73 (1.4) | F (3, 148) = 1.09 | 0.35 |
| Sex | χ2 (3) = 0.91 | 0.82 | ||||
| Male | 11 (61.1%) | 27 (65.9%) | 45 (69.2) | 22 (73.3%) | ||
| Female | 7 (38.9%) | 14 (34.2%) | 20 (30.8) | 8 (26.7%) | ||
| Full-scale IQ (mean, SD) | 110.2 (17.7) | 108.6 (14.4) | 104.9 (14.1) | 108.8 (14.8) | F (3, 148) = 0.31 | 0.82 |
| Socioeconomic status (Hollingshead; smaller values indicate higher SES) | 32.37 (15.3) | 28.12 (12.6) | 37.59 (17.2) | 32.03 (11.8) | F (3, 59) = 3.18 | 0.03d |
| Raceb | χ2 (3) = 1.03 | 0.79 | ||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.5%) | 0 | – | – |
| Asian | 1 (0.6%) | 2 (4.9%) | 2 (3.1%) | 0 | ||
| Black/African American | 1 (0.6%) | 6 (14.6%) | 11 (16.9%) | 2 (6.7%) | – | – |
| More than one race | 3 (16.6%) | 3 (7.3%) | 7 (9.2%) | 6 (20%) | ||
| White | 13 (72.2%) | 30 (73.2%) | 45 (69.2%) | 22 (73.3%) | – | – |
| Ethnicity | χ2 (3) = 5.95 | 0.11 | ||||
| Not Hispanic | 18 (100%) | 38 (92.7%) | 57 (87.7%) | 25 (83.3%) | ||
| Hispanic | 0 | 3 (7.3%) | 8 (12.3%) | 5 (16.7%) | ||
| NKI-Rockland | ||||||
| N (%) | 10 (21.3%) | 8 (17%) | 19 (40.4%) | 10 (21.3%) | ||
| Age at baseline | 9.2 (2.4) | 9.6 (2.1) | 9.7 (2.6) | 9.2 (1.6) | F (3, 43) = 0.14 | 0.93 |
| Age at final follow-up | 11.4 (2.3) | 11.8 (2) | 11.8 (2.6) | 11.5 (1.7) | F (3, 43) = 0.1 | 0.96 |
| Median years follow-up time (IQR) | 1.1 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | F (3, 43) = 0.5 | 0.68 |
| Sex | χ2 (3) = 2.12 | 0.55 | ||||
| Male | 6 (60%) | 7 (87.5%) | 15 (78.9%) | 7 (70%) | ||
| Female | 4 (40%) | 1(12.5%) | 4 (21.1%) | 3 (30%) | ||
| Full-scale IQ | 103.3 (11.9) | 92.6 (7.9) | 102.8 (14.6) | 97.1 (8.1) | F (3, 43) = 1.81 | 0.16 |
| Socioeconomic status mean household income (SD) in thousands of dollars | 129 (107) | 121 (88) | 85 (95) | 62 (40) | F (3, 43) = 1.16 | 0.34 |
| Raceb | χ2 (3) = 8.3 | 0.22 | ||||
| American Indian or Native Alaskan | 1 (10%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Asian | 1 (10%) | 0 | 1 (5.3%) | 0 | ||
| Black/African American | 1 (10%) | 3 (37.5%) | 5 (26.3%) | 1 (10%) | – | – |
| More than one race | 1 (10%) | 0 | 2 (10.5%) | 0 | – | – |
| White | 6 (60%) | 5 (62.5%) | 11 (57.9%) | 9 (90%) | – | – |
| Ethnicity | χ2 (3) = 2.12 | 0.55 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 7 (70%) | 7 (87.5%) | 15 (78.9%) | 6 (60%) | ||
| Hispanic | 3 (30%) | 1 (12.5%) | 4 (21.1%) | 4 (40%) | ||
Abbreviations. ABCD, Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study; IQ, Intelligence quotient; IQR, Interquartile range; NCR, Neurobehavioral Clinical Research; NKI-Rockland, enhanced Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland; WISC-V, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children® Fifth Edition.
Missing data ABCD: 34 missing WISC-V Matrix Reasoning Total Scaled Score. 11 missing race. 25 missing ethnicity. Missing data NCR: 2 missing socioeconomic status. NKI-Rockland: 5 missing socioeconomic status.
a
All ABCD participants had 12 month intervals between assessments.
b
Statistical test compares African American vs White vs all other groupings.
c
Fluctuant > emergent.
d
Persistent > fluctuant.