Table 3.

Comparison of ULS-8 scores for BRFs among the Hakka elderly.

Variables		Total	Male	Female
		Mean ± S. D	Mean ± S. D	Mean ± S. D
Behavioral risk factors
Physical inactivity	Yes	20.73 ± 6.06	19.58 ± 6.12	21.68 ± 5.85
	No	11.71 ± 3.85	11.35 ± 3.77	12.11 ± 3.90
	Z	−23.363***	−15.789***	−17.107***
Insufficient leisure activities participation	Yes	21.25 ± 5.68	20.50 ± 5.79	21.90 ± 5.50
	No	13.03 ± 5.36	12.00 ± 4.45	14.05 ± 5.96
	Z	−21.041***	−15.654***	−14.089***
Unhealthy dietary behavior	Yes	19.24 ± 6.84	18.07 ± 6.63	20.24 ± 6.88
	No	13.70 ± 5.61	12.98 ± 5.40	14.45 ± 5.73
	Z	−14.020***	−9.155***	−10.441***
Current smoking	Yes	19.50 ± 6.37	18.98 ± 6.52	20.91 ± 5.74
	No	15.34 ± 6.64	13.33 ± 5.58	16.77 ± 6.95
	Z	−8.630***	−9.733***	−4.572***
Current drinking	Yes	16.09 ± 6.83	15.67 ± 6.80	16.83 ± 6.83
	No	16.41 ± 6.78	14.64 ± 5.99	17.45 ± 7.00
	Z	−1.820	−1.045	−1.405
Irregular sleep	Yes	20.98 ± 6.20	19.90 ± 6.20	21.78 ± 6.08
	No	12.48 ± 4.51	12.23 ± 4.63	12.78 ± 4.36
	Z	−21.546***	−13.824***	−16.177***
Unhealthy weight	Yes	16.10 ± 6.83	13.55 ± 5.33	20.27 ± 6.97
	No	16.33 ± 6.79	16.01 ± 6.82	16.58 ± 6.76
	Z	−0.791	−3.494***	−4.981***
No. of behavioral risk factors
0 (g1)		11.18 ± 2.06	10.16 ± 1.03	11.57 ± 2.21
1 (g2)		11.37 ± 3.86	10.58 ± 2.75	12.15 ± 4.59
2 (g3)		12.50 ± 4.48	11.73 ± 3.95	13.79 ± 4.99
3 (g4)		19.39 ± 6.35	17.17 ± 6.18	21.37 ± 5.85
4 (g5)		21.76 ± 5.46	20.05 ± 5.53	22.71 ± 5.21
5 (g6)		21.54 ± 5.85	19.90 ± 6.16	23.29 ± 4.98
6 (g7)		21.45 ± 6.05	21.17 ± 6.13	21.88 ± 5.96
7 (g8)		22.44 ± 3.78	21.64 ± 3.93	25.25 ± 0.50
H		586.143***	278.659***	331.612***
Pairwise Comparison		g8 & g7 & g6 & g5 & g4 > g3 & g2 & g1	g8 & g7 & g6 & g5 & g4 > g3 & g2 & g1, g7 > g4	g8 & g7 & g5 & g4 > g2 & g1, g7 & g6 & g5 & g4 > g3

^* p-value < 0.05, ^** p-value < 0.01 and ^*** p-value < 0.001. S. D, standard deviation.