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. 2023 Jun 2;14:1180184. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1180184

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Copyright © 2023 Chen, Liu, Chen, Zhang, Rao, Lu and Ma

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Establishment of tumor microenvironment (TME) of PLC. TME of PLC is made up of complex components, including extracellular matrix, cellular components like vascular endothelial cells, immune cells, CAFs, and etc. The diagram illustrates components in TME of PLC and steps for in vitro model construction. CAF, cancer associated fibroblast; EGM, Endothelial Cell Growth Medium; HCM, Hepatocyte culture medium; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor.