Table 1.

Lifestyle changes in patients with NMIBC.

Study, study design	Findings on patient lifestyle changes
Beeren et al. (168), survey of Dutch patients from the UroLife study (n=966: smoking, n=961: physical activity, n=960: BMI, n=949: diet, n=935: overall WCRF/AICR recommendation score)	Small to moderate albeit statistically significant effect sizes for lifestyle change (for all domains except BMI), baseline → 15 months: • Overall WCRF/AICR: 3.3 → 3.3 • BMI: 26.8 → 26.9 kg/m2 • Physical activity: 750 → 665 min/week • Red and processed meat: 704 → 608 g/week • Smoking: 23.2 → 15.0%
Van Osch et al. (169), semi-structured face-to-face interviews and questionnaires in 722 UK patients with NMIBC at risk of recurrence	• Of 174 patients smoking at diagnosis, 25 (14%) quit over a median of 4.21 years of follow-up • No statistically significant effect of smoking cessation on 5-year recurrence risk but too few cessation events for firm conclusions
Westhoff et al. (171), survey of 969 Dutch patients with NMIBC from the UroLife cohort	• Patients receiving lifestyle advice from a physician on:  o Smoking cessation (in smokers): 70%  o Weight loss (in patients with BMI >25 kg/m2): 6% (34% considered that weight loss advice did not apply to them)  o Healthy diet: 9%  o Physical activity: 15% • Smoking cessation at 3 months after diagnosis: 36%
Yuruk et al. (170), survey of 187 Turkish patients with NMIBC enrolled under cystoscopic surveillance	• At diagnosis, 61% of patients were active smokers, of whom 76% received advice to quit smoking and of whom 58% quit smoking • 4.1% of current or ex-smokers had been referred to smoking cessation programs

AICR, American Institute for Cancer Research; NMIBC, Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer; UK, United Kingdom; WCRF, World Cancer Research Fund.