Table 3.
Substances secreted by bacteria and their influence on fungi.
| Invasive fungi | Produced by bacteria | Mechanism of action | Functional effect | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Candida albicans | Phenazine | Oxidative activity, intracellular ROS production increased, mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarized, affect C. albicans respiration, apoptosis. | Inhibit metabolism and biofilm formation | (Gibson et al., 2009; Tupe et al., 2015) |
| Lipopolysaccharide | LPS up-regulated the expression of transcription factor EFG1 in C.albicans biofilm, increased glycolysis and inhibited Candida hyphae-specific genes (HSGs) | Alter gene expression during biofilm formation and inhibit hyphal formation | (Bandara et al., 2013) | ||
| Secretory lysophospholipase C | Degraded phosphatidylcholine (phospholipids abundant in eukaryotes) | The death of the fungal cell | (Hogan and Kolter, 2002) | ||
| Acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) | Inhibit the Ras1–cAMP–PKA pathway for hyphal growth in C. albicans | Inhibit virulence | (Davis-Hanna et al., 2008) | ||
| Cryptococcus neoformans | Pyocyanine、2-heptyl-3,4-dihydroxyquinoline (PQS) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa contacts C.neoformans, and antifungal molecules play a role | Inhibit growth | (Rella et al., 2012) | |
| Aspergillus fumigatus | Pyocyanine | Chelated iron, deprived of A.fumigatus necessary nutrition for growth and metabolism | Inhibit virulence | (Mowat et al., 2010) | |
| Staphylococcus | Candida albicans | – | – | Inhibit biofilm formation | (Adam et al., 2002) |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | – | Staphylococcus aureus attached to cryptococcus capsulatus, mitochondrial pathway was enhanced, and cells died. | Apoptotic cell death | (Ikeda et al., 2007) | |
| Aspergillus fumigatus | – | Fungal growth may be significantly limited by intercellular contact and synthesis of bacterial products | Inhibit growth, conidia, hypha and biofilm formation | (Ramírez-Granillo et al., 2021) | |
| Bacillus | Candida albicans | Lipopeptide | Biosurfactant properties, reduced the mRNA expression of hypha-specific genes HWP1 and ALS3 | Inhibit biofilm formation | (Ceresa et al., 2016; Janek et al., 2020) |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | Chitinase Laccase |
Reduce the structural stability of cell wall to inhibit capsule formation; Inhibit melanin formation | Inhibit biofilm formation and virulence factor production | (Farrer et al., 2018; Upadhya et al., 2018) | |
| Aspergillus fumigatus | – | Inhibit the gene expression related to hyphae | Inhibit hyphae formation | (Benoit et al., 2015) | |
| Enterococcus faecalis | Candida albicans | Bacteriocin Entv | Regulate that Frs system of Candida, secreting GelE, SprE and some extracellular protease | Inhibit the formation of hyphae and biofilm, inhibit virulence | (Cruz et al., 2013) |
| Lactobacillus | Candida albicans | Short-chain fatty acid Lactic acid |
Inhibit the expression of C. albicans HWP1 gene, reduce the adhesion and the stability of biofilm structure | Inhibit virulence and hyphae formation | (Noverr and Huffnagle, 2004; Jang et al., 2019) |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | Sodium butyrate | Inhibit the formation of capsule and melanin | Inhibit growth and enhance macrophages | (Hoberg et al., 1983) | |
| Escherichia coli | Candida albicans | Lipopolysaccharide | – | Modulate biofilm formation |
(Bandara et al., 2010) |
| Aspergillus fumigatus | Cytosolic proteins | Inhibit the development of conidia and cause hyphal atrophy | Inhibit growth | (Balhara et al., 2014) | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | Candida albicans | Outermembrane protein A(OmpA) | OmpA Attaches A. baumannii to C.albicans Filament | Inhibit hyphae and biofilm formation | (Brossard and Campagnari, 2012) |
| Serratia marcescens | Candida albicans | Glycolipid | Biosurfactant properties, anti-adhesion | Inhibit biofilm formation | (Dusane et al., 2011) |
“-” No detailed reports at the time of review