Figure 4.

Changes in untargeted metabolites and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by induction of constipation and administration of multi-strain probiotics Consti-Biome. (A) left indicate Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and right indicate Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) of metabolite profiling in fecal of loperamide administration (LOP), low concentration multi-strain probiotics administration (G1, 2 × 10⁸ cfu/mL), medium concentration multi-strain probiotics administration (G2, 2 × 10⁹ cfu/mL), and high concentration probiotic administration (G3, 2 × 10¹⁰ cfu/mL) groups. (B) Intensity of fecal SCFAs in normal control (NOR), LOP, positive control (PC), G1, G2, and G3. Data are mean ± SEM of 5 animals in (B). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, significantly different from the LOP as per Mann–whitney u-test.