Table 2.
Comparison of characteristics and pregnancy outcomes between women with glycemia <3.9 mmol/L (lowest quartile) and women with glycemia >4.4 mmol/L (highest quartile) at fasting, 1h or 2h 75g OGTT in the normal glucose tolerance group.
| NGT-group | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose <3.9 mmol/L N= 172 (10.7%) |
Glucose >4.4 mmol/L N=482 (29.9%) |
P-value | |
| General | |||
| Age (years) | 29.9 ± 3.9 | 31.1 ± 4.1 | <0.001 |
| % Ethnic minorities | 6.4 (11) | 10.9 (52) | 0.091 |
| % multiparity | 45.3 (78) | 50.8 (245) | 0.217 |
| % paid job | 94.1 (161) | 89.0 (427) | 0.049 |
| % living without partner | 17.1 (29) | 20.2 (97) | 0.378 |
| % smoking before pregnancy | 25.3 (43) | 29.2 (140) | 0.335 |
| % smoking during pregnancy | 2.9 (5) | 4.6 (22) | 0.350 |
| % Alcohol use before pregnancy | 69.5 (119) | 66.3 (317) | 0.241 |
| % Alcohol use during pregnancy | 8.2 (14) | 6.3 (30) | 0.596 |
| % First degree family history of diabetes | 8.8 (14) | 10.4 (48) | 0.571 |
| % History of GDM* | 5.1 (4) | 6.6 (16) | 0.649 |
| % History of macrosomia >4Kg* | 4.1 (7) | 7.9 (38) | 0.172 |
| 6-14 weeks visit | |||
| BMI (Kg/m²) | 22.7 ± 3.9 | 25.9 ± 5.0 | <0.001 |
| % Underweight % Overweight % Obesity |
4.1 (7) 19.3 (33) 5.8 (10) |
2.1 (10) 51.7 (246) 17.6 (84) |
0.162 <0.001 <0.001 |
| % Waist ≥80cm | 62.1 (100) | 81.1 (374) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 113.6 ± 9.9 | 116.0 ± 10.8 | 0.008 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 68.2 ± 7.1 | 71.3 ± 8.6 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glycemia (mmol/L) | 4.3 (4.1-4.4) | 4.7 (4.6-4.8) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glycemia <3.9 mmol/L | 10.5 (18) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.0 (0.7-1.4) | 1.6 (1.2-2.2) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-B | 133.7 (92.6-204.3) | 124.8 (93.6-178.4) | 0.243 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol and %) | 30 (29-32) 4.9 (4.7-5.1) |
31 (30-33) 5.0 (4.9-5.2) |
<0.001 |
| Fasting Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.6 (4.1-5.2) | 4.7 (4.2-5.3) | 0.042 |
| Fasting HDL (mmol/L) | 1.8 (1.5-2.1) | 1.7 (1.5-1.9) | <0.001 |
| Fasting LDL (mmol/L) | 2.3 (1.9-2.7) | 2.5 (2.0-2.9) | <0.001 |
| Fasting TG (mmol/L) | 1.0 (0.8-1.1) | 1.0 (0.8-1.3) | 0.040 |
| Total Score lifestyle Physical activity Diet |
1.0 (0.0-2.0) 2.0 (0.0-5.0) |
1.0 (0.0-2.0) 2.0 (-1.0-4.0) |
0.062 0.176 |
| Weight gain (first visit till OGTT) (Kg) | 6.8 ± 2.7 | 7.1 ± 3.4 | 0.315 |
| 24-28 weeks visit | |||
| BMI (Kg/m²) | 25.2 ± 3.8 | 28.5 ± 4.8 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 111.9 ± 10.5 | 114.4 ± 10.4 | 0.006 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 65.9 ± 7.9 | 68.7 ± 7.8 | <0.001 |
| Glucose non-fasting 0 min on GCT (mmol/L) | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| % Glucose <3.9 mmol/L non-fasting 0min on GCT | 19.6 (33) | 2.7 (13) | <0.001 |
| % Glucose <3.5 mmol/L non-fasting 0min on GCT | 7.7 (13) | 0.6 (3) | <0.001 |
| Glucose 60 min on GCT (mmol/L) | 6.2 ± 1.4 | 6.6 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| % Glucose <3.9 mmol/L 60min on GCT | 2.3 (4) | 0.8 (4) | 0.128 |
| % Glucose <3.5 mmol/L 60min on GCT | 0.6 (1) | 0.4 (2) | 0.785 |
| Fasting glycemia (mmol/L) | 3.8 (3.7-3.9) | 4.7 (4.6-4.8) | <0.001 |
| 30 min glucose OGTT (mmol/L) | 6.3 (5.6-7.1) | 7.2 (6.7-7.9) | <0.001 |
| 1-hour glucose OGTT (mmol/L) | 6.0 (3.8-6.0) | 7.3 (6.4-8.3) | <0.001 |
| 2-hour glucose OGTT (mmol/L) | 4.9 (3.8-6.0) | 6.3 (5.5-7.1) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol and %) |
29 (28-30) 4.8 (4.6-4.9) |
31 (29-32) 5.0 (4.8-5.1) |
<0.001 |
| Matsuda insulin sensitivity | 5.9 (4.1-7.6) | 3.1 (2.4-4.2) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.2 (0.8-1.7) | 2.4 (1.7-3.1) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-B | 409.5 (237.2-619.5) | 189.9 (141.1-260.4) | <0.001 |
| ISSI-2 | 3.3 (2.5-4.0) | 1.9 (1.7-2.3) | <0.001 |
| Insulinogenic index/HOMA-IR | 0.5 (0.3-0.8) | 0.2 (0.2-0.3) | <0.001 |
| Fasting Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.2 (5.5-7.2) | 6.3 (5.7-7.1) | 0.852 |
| Fasting HDL (mmol/L) | 2.0 (1.6-2.4) | 1.9 (1.6-2.1) | <0.001 |
| Fasting LDL (mmol/L) | 3.4 (2.8-4.2) | 3.5 (2.9-4.2) | 0.689 |
| Fasting TG (mmol/L) | 1.7 (1.4-2.2) | 1.9 (1.5-2.4) | 0.002 |
| Total score lifestyle Physical activity Diet |
1.5 (0.0-2.0) 2.0 (0.0-5.0) |
1.0 (0.0-2.0) 2.0 (-1.0-4.0) |
0.226 0.052 |
| % IPAQ low | 13.9 (23) | 17.1 (79) | 0.336 |
| Delivery | |||
| Total Weight gain (first visit till delivery) (Kg) | 11.3 ± 4.1 | 12.0 ± 5.6 | 0.062 |
| % excessive weight gain | 15.3 (20) | 33.8 (141) | <0.001 |
| % inadequate weight gain | 51.1 (67) | 29.5 (123) | <0.001 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.0 ± 1.7 | 39.4 ± 1.5 | 0.026 |
| % Preeclampsia | 1.7 (3) | 2.3 (11) | 0.682 |
| % Gestational hypertension | 2.3 (4) | 6.8 (33) | 0.029 |
| % Preterm delivery | 7.0 (12) | 4.2 (20) | 0.143 |
| % Induction labor | 16.3 (28) | 32.4 (156) | <0.001 |
| % Caesarean sections (total) | 19.2 (33) | 24.3 (117) | 0.127 |
| % Emergency CS (during labor) | 7.6 (13) | 13.3 (64) | 0.045 |
| Weight baby (g) | 3286.3 ± 534.4 | 3468.6 ± 515.6 | <0.001 |
| % Weight baby <2.5 kg Of which: % SGA % preterm delivery % Intrauterine growth restriction |
5.8 (10) 60.0 (6) 40.0 (4) 0 (0) |
1.9 (9) 33.3 (3) 55.6 (5) 0 (0) |
0.009
0.484 0.632 - |
| % Macrosomia (>4Kg) | 6.4 (11) | 12.7 (61) | 0.023 |
| % Weight baby ≥4.5Kg | 0.6 (1) | 2.3 (11) | 0.151 |
| % LGA | 9.9 (17) | 17.1 (82) | 0.026 |
| % SGA | 7.6 (13) | 4.2 (20) | 0.079 |
| %Shoulder dystocia | 0.6 (1) | 0.8 (4) | 0.744 |
| % Neonatal hypoglycemia <2.2 mmol/L | 2.8 (3) | 4.7 (15) | 0.404 |
| % NICU admission | 8.2 (14) | 9.8 (47) | 0.535 |
OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; GCT, glucose challenge test; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI, Body Mass Index; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; HOMA-B,, Homeostatic Model Assessment for B-cell secretion; ISSI-2, Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2 HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density-lipoprotein; TG, triglycerides; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; LGA, large-for-gestational age infant; SGA, small-for-gestational age infant; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; IFG, impaired fasting glycemia; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; Overweight, BMI ≥25-29.9 Kg/m²; Obesity, BMI ≥30 Kg/m. Categorical variables are presented as frequencies %(n); continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD if normally distributed and as median ± IQR if not normally distributed; Differences are considered significant at p-value<0.05. *A history of GDM and a history of a macrosomic baby were calculated on the number of women with a previous pregnancy. Bold means a statistical significant value of p<0.05.