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. 2023 Jun 2;10:1094280. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1094280

Table 3.

Multivariate regression analysis of effect of multimorbidity class membership on HRQoL outcomes.

Physical component summary (PCS-12) score (N = 2,499) Mental component summary (MCS-12) score (N = 2,499)
β (95% CI) β (95% CI)
Multimorbidity class
Relatively healthy [ref] [ref]
Metabolic −0.13 (−0.89, 0.62) −0.27 (−1.16, 0.63)
Vascular-inflammatory −5.48*** (−6.66, −4.29) −1.69* (−3.09, −0.28)
Respiratory −0.35 (−2.41, 1.70) −2.53* (−4.97, −0.09)
Age, years −0.11*** (−0.14, −0.09) 0.06*** (0.03, 0.09)
Female sex −0.26 (−0.99, 0.48) −2.60*** (−3.47, −1.73)
Secondary level or higher 1.39*** (0.64, 2.15) −0.67 (−1.57, 0.23)
Employed full-time 1.46*** (0.84, 2.07) 0.21 (−0.53, 0.94)
Top 60% wealth quintile 0.51 (−0.13, 1.16) 1.42*** (0.66, 2.19)
Currently use alcohol 0.66* (0.00, 1.32) −0.76 (−1.55, 0.02)
Past or present smoker −0.39 (−1.10, 0.33) −1.88*** (−2.73, −1.03)
Low levels of physical activity −0.93** (−1.53, −0.32) −0.55 (−1.27, 0.17)
Private insurance coverage −0.18 (−1.00, 0.65) 1.11* (0.14, 2.09)
Public insurance coverage −2.69*** (−3.66, −1.73) 0.17 (−0.97, 1.31)
Recent health service use −0.53 (−1.18, 0.11) −1.03** (−1.80, −0.27)

CI, confidence interval. Estimates based on non-missing data (<1% missing across all variables). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.