Table 4.

Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) associated with average defined daily doses (DDD) of phenytoin (PHE) and valproate (VPA).

	Crude HR	(95% CI)	Adjusted HR†	(95% CI)
Non-epilepsy controls	1.00	(reference)	1.00	(reference)
Epilepsy with PHE
≤ 30 DDD	0.96	(0.86, 1.07)	1.04	(0.93, 1.16)
31-150 DDD	1.01	(0.88, 1.16)	1.08	(0.94, 1.24)
> 150 DDD	2.19	(1.92, 2.49)***	2.28	(1.99, 2.61)***
P for trend		< 0.001		< 0.001
Epilepsy with VPA
≤ 40 DDD	0.88	(0.68, 1.13)	1.11	(0.86, 1.44)
41-160 DDD	0.80	(0.55, 1.17)	0.95	(0.65, 1.39)
> 160 DDD	0.71	(0.50, 1.01)	0.83	(0.59, 1.19)
P for trend		0.02		0.47

Crude HR, crude hazard ratio.

Adjusted HR†: multivariable analysis including age, sex, and comorbidities of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, stroke, COPD, CAD, CHF, alcohol-related illness, asthma, obesity, cancer, impaired glucose tolerance, and gestational diabetes, and medication of steroids, diuretics, statins and beta-blockers.

***P < 0.001.