Table 4.
Potential biotoxin producers and human health implications of algal biomass.
| Algae | Toxins | Human health implication | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alexandrium catenella, A. minutum complex, A. ostenfeldii, A. tamarense | Saxitoxins, gonyautoxins | PSP | (Pang et al., 2017) |
| Chattonella antiqua, C. marina | Breve-like | NSP | |
| Coolia monotis | Uncertain | Uncertain | |
| Dinophysis acuta, D. acuminata | Okadaic acid; dinophysis toxin 2 (DTX2); pectenotoxin 2 | DSP | |
| G. mikimotoi complex | Breve-like | NSP, respiratory distress | (Niu et al., 2021) |
| Gyrodinium galatheanum | Breve-like | NSP | |
| Heterosigma akashiwo | Ichthyotoxic | Ass. with peppery taste | |
| Ostreopsis siamensis | Uncertain | Uncertain | |
| Prorocentrum lima | Okadaic acid; DTX1,4; diol esters | DSP | |
| Protoceratium reticulatum | Yessotoxin | Uncertain | (Zingone et al., 2020) |
| Pseudo-nitzschia australis, P. delicatissima, P. fraudulenta, P. multiseries, P. pseudodelicatissima, P. pungens, P. turgidula | Domoic acid | ASP | |
| Fibrocapsa japonica | Ichthyotoxic | None |