Table 5.
Various methods to control harmful algal blooms from water resources.
| Methods | Techniques | Advantages | Limitations | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical methods | Metals (Fe, Cu, Ca & Al) | Low cost and High residence time | Toxicity against non-target species and Accumulation in the environment |
(Li et al., 2020a) |
| Photosensitizers (hydrogen peroxide, phthalocyanines and titanium dioxide) | Low cost and Degradability | Risky manipulation and Coloration | ||
| Herbicides (diuron, endothall, atrazine and simazine) | Low cost and High residence time | Release of toxins | ||
| Physical methods | Ultrasound techniques | Low impact on ecosystems and Contamination free | To be confirmed at up-scaled levels | (Kong et al., 2019) |
| UV irradiation | Eco-friendly and Contamination free | High energy consumption and To be confirmed at up-scaled levels | ||
| Membrane filtration technology | Well-established technology and High stability | High cost | ||
| Adsorption | Eco-friendly and Contamination free | Costly and To be confirmed at up-scaled levels | ||
| Biology methods | Aquatic plants | Technically simple reactor | Affect biodiversity and Deteriorate eutrophication | (Zerrifi et al., 2018) |
| Aquatic animals | User-friendly and Environmentally sound | It will not work in oxygen-poor conditions, Affect biodiversity and Poor efficiency | ||
| Combined technologies | Microorganisms | High specificity and High efficiency | High cost and To be confirmed at up-scaled levels | (Park et al., 2019) |
| Ultrasonic radiation and jet circulation to flushing | High efficiency | High cost and To be confirmed at up-scaled levels | ||
| Combination of uniform design with artificial neural network coupling genetic algorithm | High efficiency and Low cost | To be confirmed at up-scaled levels |